Berdowski J, Blom MT, Bardai A, Tan HL, Tijssen JGP, Koster RW. Impact of onsite or dispatched automated external defibrillator use on survival after out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. Circulation. 2011;124:2225–32.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Hiltunen P, Kuisma M, Silfvast T, Rutanen J, Vaahersalo J, Kurola J, Finnresusci Prehospital Study Group. Regional variation and outcome of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (ohca) in Finland - the Finnresusci study. Scand J Trauma Resusc Emerg Med. 2012;20:80.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Abella BS. High-quality cardiopulmonary resuscitation: current and future directions. Curr Opin Crit Care. 2016;22:218–24.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Yan S, Gan Y, Jiang N, Wang R, Chen Y, Luo Z, et al. The global survival rate among adult out-of-hospital cardiac arrest patients who received cardiopulmonary resuscitation: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Crit Care. 2020;24:61.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Jacobs I, Callanan V, Nichol G, Valenzuela T, Mason P, Jaffe AS, et al. The chain of survival. Ann Emerg Med. 2001;37:5–16.
Article
Google Scholar
Jarrah S, Judeh M, AbuRuz ME. Evaluation of public awareness, knowledge and attitudes towards basic life support: a cross-sectional study. BMC Emerg Med. 2018;18:37.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Meretoja A, Roine RO, Kaste M, Linna M, Juntunen M, Erilä T, et al. Stroke monitoring on a national level: PERFECT Stroke, a comprehensive, registry-linkage stroke database in Finland. Stroke. 2010;41:2239–46.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Meyran D, Cassan P, Avau B, Singletary E, Zideman DA. Stroke Recognition for First Aid Providers: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Cureus. 2020;12:e11386.
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Norrving B, Barrick J, Davalos A, Dichgans M, Cordonnier C, Guekht A, et al. Action Plan for Stroke in Europe 2018–2030. Eur Stroke J. 2018;4:309–36.
Article
Google Scholar
ec.euroapa.eu. Eurostat Statistic Explained. Accidents and injuries statistics. 2020. [cited 2022 March 12]. [Internet]. Available from: https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statistics-explained/index.php?title=Accidents_and_injuries_statistics#Deaths_from_accidents.2C_injuries_and_assault.
Lounamaa A, Doupi P, Accidents. Koponen P, Borodulin K, Lundqvist A, Sääksjärvi K & Koskinen S, eds. Health, functional capacity and welfare in Finland – FinHealth 2017 study. National Institute for Health and Welfare (THL), Report 4/2018, 236 pages. Finland, Helsinki 2018. ISBN 978-952-343-104-1 (printed), ISBN 978-952-343-105-8. Available from: https://www.julkari.fi/bitstream/handle/10024/136223/Rap_4_2018_FinTerveys_verkko.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y.
Zideman DA, Singletary EM, Borra V, Cassan P, Cimpoesu CD, De Buck E, et al. European Resuscitation Council Guidelines 2021: First aid. Resuscitation. 2021;161:270–90.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Chen K-Y, Ko Y-C, Hsieh M-J, Chiang W-C, Ma MH-M. Interventions to improve the quality of bystander cardiopulmonary resuscitation: A systematic review. PLoSONE. 2019;14:e0211792.
Article
CAS
Google Scholar
Song J, Guo W, Lu X, Gong D. The effect of bystander cardiopulmonary resuscitation on the survival of out-of-hospital cardiac arrests: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Scand J Trauma Resusc Emerg Med. 2018;26:86.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Baruch EN, Benov A, Shina A, Berg AL, Shlaifer A, Glassberg E, et al. Does practice make perfect? Prospectively comparing effects of 2 amounts of practice on tourniquet use performance. Am J Emerg Med. 2016;34:2356–61.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Riggs M, Franklin R, Saylany L. Associations between cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) knowledge, self-efficacy, training history and willingness to perform CPR and CPR psychomotor skills: A systematic review. Resuscitation. 2019;138:259–72.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Tatebe L, Speedy S, Kang D, Barnum T, Cosey-Gay F, Regan S, et al. Empowering Bystanders to Intervene: Trauma Responders Unify to Empower (TRUE) Communities. J Surg Res. 2019;238:255–64.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Yeung J, Meeks R, Edelson D, Gao F, Soar J, Perkins GD. The use of CPR feedback/prompt devices during training and CPR performance: A systematic review. Resuscitation. 2009;80:743–51.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Buttussi F, Chittaro L, Valent FA. Virtual reality methodology for cardiopulmonary resuscitation training with and without a physical mannequin. J Biomed Inform. 2020;111:103590.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Leary M, Almodovar A, Buckler D, Bhardwaj A, Blewer A, Abella B. Using an immersive virtual reality system to assess lay provider response to an unannounced simulated sudden cardiac arrest in the out-of-hospital setting. Simul Healthcare: J Soc Med Simul. 2019;14:82–9.
Article
Google Scholar
Metelmann C, Metelmann B, Schuffert L, Hahnenkamp K, Vollmer M, Brinkrolf P. Smartphone apps to support laypersons in bystander CPR are of ambivalent benefit: a controlled trial using medical simulation. Scand J Trauma Resusc Emerg Med. 2021;29:76.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Nas J, Thannhauser J, Geuns RJM van, Royen N van, Bonnes JL, Brouwer MA. Optimal Combination of Chest Compression Depth and Rate in Virtual Reality Resuscitation Training: A Post Hoc Analysis of the Randomized Lowlands Saves Lives Trial. J Am Heart Association. 2021;10:e017367.
Article
Google Scholar
Nord A, Svensson L, Hult H, Kreitz-Sandberg S, Nilsson L. Effect of mobile application-based versus DVD-based CPR training on students’ practical CPR skills and willingness to act: a cluster randomised study. BMJ Open. 2016 Apr 29;6:e010717.
de Vries W, Turner NM, Monsieurs KG, Bierens, Joost JLM, Koster RW. Comparison of instructor-led automated external defibrillation training and three alternative DVD-based training methods. Resuscitation. 2010;81:1004–9.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Watson A, Zhou G, BreathEZ. Using smartwatches to improve choking first aid. Smart Health. 2018;13:100058.
Article
Google Scholar
Young SR, Kyoung JS, Shin SD, Hong KJ, Park JH, Kong SY. et. al. Association between county-level cardiopulmonary resuscitation training and changes in Survival Outcomes after out-of-hospital cardiac arrest over 5years: A multilevel analysis. Resuscitation. 2019;139:291–8.
Article
Google Scholar
Anderson GS, Gaetz M, Masse J. First aid skill retention of first responders within the workplace. Scand J Trauma Resusc Emerg Med. 2011;19:11.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Muise J, Oliver E, Newell P, Forsyth M. Improving individuals’ propensity to act in a medical emergency: A quasi-randomised trial to test the impact of a learning intervention. Health Educ J. 2019;78:214–25.
Article
Google Scholar
Heard CL, Pearce JM, Rogers MB. Mapping the public first-aid training landscape: a scoping review. Disasters. 2020;44:205–28.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Milling L, Kjær J, Grassmé LGB, Muckadell CS, Havshøj U, Christensen HC, et al. Non-medical factors in prehospital resuscitation decision-making: A mixed-methods systematic review. Scand J Trauma Resusc Emerg Med. 2022;30:24.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Malta HC, Kragholm K, Pearson DA, Tyson C, Monk L, Myers B, et al. Association of Bystander and First-Responder Intervention With Survival After Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest in North Carolina, 2010–2013. JAMA. 2015;314:255–64.
Article
Google Scholar
Sasson C, Rogers MA, Dahl J, Kellermann AL. Predictors of survival from out-of-hospital cardiac arrest: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Circ Cardiovasc Qual Outcomes. 2010;3:63–81.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Bakke HK, Wisborg T. We need to include bystander first aid in trauma research. Scand J Trauma Resusc Emerg Med. 2017;25:32.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Moher D, Liberati A, Tetzlaff J, Altman DG. The PRISMA Group. Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses: The PRISMA Statement. PLoS Med. 2009;6:e1000097.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Merchant RM, Topjian AA, Panchal AR, Cheng A, Aziz K, Berg KM, et al. Part 1: Executive Summary: 2020 American Heart Association Guidelines for Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation and Emergency Cardiovascular Care. Circulation. 2020:142;337–357.
Goolsby CA, Strauss-Riggs K, Klimczak V, Gulley K, Rojas L, Godar C, et al. Brief, Web-based Education Improves Lay Rescuer Application of a Tourniquet to Control Life-threatening Bleeding. AEM Educ Train. 2018;2:154–61.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Goralnick E, Chaudhary MA, McCarty JC, Caterson EJ, Goldberg SA, Herrera-Escobar JP, et al. Effectiveness of Instructional Interventions for Hemorrhage Control Readiness for Laypersons in the Public Access and Tourniquet Training Study (PATTS): A Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA Surg. 2018;153:791–9.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Goolsby C, Rojas L, Moore K, Kretz E, Singletary E, Klimczak V, et al. Layperson Ability and Willingness to Use Hemostatic Dressings: A Randomized, Controlled Trial. Prehospital Emerg Care. 2019;23:795–801.
Article
Google Scholar
McCarty JC, Caterson EJ, Chaudhary MA, Herrera-Escobar JP, Hashmi ZG, Goldberg SA, et al. Can they stop the bleed? Evaluation of tourniquet application by individuals with varying levels of prior self-reported training. Injury. 2019;50:10–5.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Scott G, Olola C, Gardett MI, Ashwood D, Broadbent M, Sangaraju S, et al. Ability of Layperson Callers to Apply a Tourniquet Following Protocol-Based Instructions From an Emergency Medical Dispatcher. Prehospital Emerg Care. 2020;24:831–38.
Article
Google Scholar
Watson A, Zhou G. BBAid. Using smartwatches to improve back blows. Smart Health. 2019;13:100067.
Article
Google Scholar
Handschu R, Reitmayer M, Raschick M, et al. First aid in acute stroke. J Neurol. 2006;253:1342–6.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Kleindorfer D, Miller R, Sailor-Smith S, Moomaw CJ, Khoury J, Frankel M. The Challenges of Community-Based Research: The Beauty Shop Stroke Education Project. Stroke. 2008;39:2331–35.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Ertl L, Christ F. Significant improvement of the quality of bystander first aid using an expert system with a mobile multimedia device. Resuscitation. 2007;74:286–95. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resuscitation.2007.01.006.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Lau Y, Nyoe RSS, Wong SN, Ab Hamid ZB, Leong BS-H, Lau ST. Effectiveness of digital resuscitation training in improving knowledge and skills: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. Resuscitation. 2018;131:14–23.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
American Heart association. Basic Life Support: Adult CPR and AED Skills Testing Checklist.2020. http://www.sic.edu/files/uploads/global/Community_Education/CPR/CPR_131-134_Adult_Checklist.pdf.
Olasveengen TM, Semeraro F, Ristagno G, Castren M, Handley A, Kuzovlev A, et al. European Resuscitation Council Guidelines 2021: Basic Life Support. Resuscitation. 2021;161:98–114.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Lynch B, Einspruch EL, Nichol G, Aufderheide TP. Assessment of BLS skills: Optimizing use of instructor and manikin measures. Resuscitation. 2007;76:233–43.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Whitfield RH, Newcombe RG, Woollard M. Reliability of the Cardiff Test of basic life support and automated external defibrillation version 3.1. Resuscitation. 2003;59:291–314.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Teague G, Riley RH. Online Resuscitation Training. Does it improve high school students’ ability to perform cardiopulmonary resuscitation in a simulated environment? Resuscitation. 2006;71:352–57.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Larsen P, Pearson J, Galletly D. Knowledge and attitudes towards cardiopulmonary resuscitation in the community. N Z Med J. 2004;117(1193):;1–8.
Google Scholar
Schiefer JL, Schuller H, Fuchs PC, Bagheri M, Grigutsch D, Klein M, et al. Basic life support knowledge in Germany and the influences of demographic factors. PLoSONE. 2020;15:e0237751.
Article
CAS
Google Scholar
Dobbie F, Uny I, Eadie D, Duncan E, Stead M, Bauld L, et al. Barriers to bystander CPR in deprived communities: Findings from a qualitative study. PLoSONE. 2020;15:e0233675.
Article
CAS
Google Scholar
Ho AFW, Sim ZJ, Shahidah N, Hao Y, Ng YY, Leong BSH, et al. Barriers to dispatcher-assisted cardiopulmonary resuscitation in Singapore. Resuscitation. 2016;105:149–55.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Pei-Chuan Huang E, Chiang W, Lu T, Wang C, Sun J, Hsieh M, et al. Barriers to bystanders defibrillation: A national survey on public awareness and willingness of bystanders defibrillation. J Formos Med Assoc. 2021;120:974–82.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Morgan DP, Muscatello D, Hayen A, Travaglia J. Human factors influencing out-of‐hospital cardiac arrest survival. Emerg Med Australasia. 2019;31:600–4.
Article
Google Scholar
Greif R, Lockey A, Breckwoldt J, Carmona F, Conaghan P, Kuzovlev A, et al. European Resuscitation Council Guidelines 2021: Education for resuscitation. Resuscitation 2021;161:388–407.
Page MJ, Mckenzi JE, BossuytPM, Boutron I, Hoffmann TC, Mulrow CD, et al The PRISMA 2020 statement: An updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews BMJ. 2021;372:n71.
Bokolo AJ&, Selwyn N. Examining the adoption of emergency remote teaching and virtual learning during and after COVID-19 pandemic. Int J Educational Manage. 2021;35:1136–50.
Article
Google Scholar
Naylor K, Torres K. Transitioning to Web-Based Learning in Basic Life Support Training During the COVID-19 Pandemic to Battle the Fear of Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest: Presentation of Novel Methods. J Med Internet Res. 2021;23:e27108.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Nord A, Svensson N, Claesson A, Herlitz, Hult H, Kreitz-Sandberg S, et al. The effect of a national web course “Help-Brain-Heart” as a supplemental learning tool before CPR training: a cluster randomised trial. Scand J Trauma Resusc Emerg Med. 2017;25:93.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Zhang S, Guo H, Ju X, Ma J. Understanding the Effects of Emergency Experience on Online First-Aid Learning Intention: The Mediating Role of Psychological Distances and Prosociality. Psychol. 2022. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.829804.
Article
Google Scholar