Table 3 Overview of the elements used to assess practical first aid skills in various scenarios

Scenario

Study

Recorded by the observer

Recorded by the manikin or by digital device

CHOKING

Watson

et al. (2018)

Calling 911, position of the manikin

Smartwatch: Maximum acceleration of back blow

Watson

et al. (2019)

Smartwatch: Acceleration and number of back blows

TOURNIQUET USE

Scott

et al. (2020)

Recorded manually digital data for backup

HapMed leg Tourniquet Trainer: the total time needed to stop bleeding (< 4 min), tourniquet placement (2–3 in.), tourniquet pressure

(> 200 mmHg), estimated blood loss (< 2500 mL), pressure status (good, loose or tight)

Goolsby

et al. (2018)

Correct tourniquet application: position, pressure (adequate if observer unable to slide finger under the band), time (< 7 min), reasons of failure.

Baruch

et al. (2016)

HapMed leg Tourniquet Trainer: application time in seconds (start/done-point) and tourniquet pressure (> 200 mmHg)

McCarty

et al. (2019)

Correct tourniquet application: distance above injury (2 inc), adequate tightness

(observer unable to slide thin instrument between tourniquet and mannequin), time (< 7 min).

Goralnick

et al. (2018)

Correct tourniquet application: distance above injury (2 inch), adequate tightness (observer unable to slide thin instrument between tourniquet and mannequin), time (< 7 min).

HAEMOSTATIC DRESSING

Goolsby

et al. (2019)

Correct hemostatic dressing location

Reasons for failure

Z-medica simulator: sufficient pressure

(250 mmHg)

MULTIPLE SCENARIOS

Anderson

et al. (2011)

Checklists: scene safety, airway, airway clearance (abdominal thrust), emergency call activation, airway opening, ventilation trying

Recording manikin: rate, depth, frequency of ventilation and rate, depth and location of chest compressions

Ertl & Christ (2007)

OSCE (Objective Structured Clinical Examination) two scenarios (CPR and severe bleeding)