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  1. Severe accidental hypothermia (AH) is life threatening. Thus, prognostic prediction in AH is essential to rapidly initiate intensive care. Several studies on prognostic factors for AH are known, but none have ...

    Authors: Kenji Kandori, Yohei Okada, Tasuku Matsuyama, Sachiko Morita, Naoki Ehara, Nobuhiro Miyamae, Takaaki Jo, Yasuyuki Sumida, Nobunaga Okada, Makoto Watanabe, Masahiro Nozawa, Ayumu Tsuruoka, Yoshihiro Fujimoto, Yoshiki Okumura, Tetsuhisa Kitamura and Ryoji Iiduka
    Citation: Scandinavian Journal of Trauma, Resuscitation and Emergency Medicine 2019 27:103
    Content type: Original research Published on:

  2. A national Helicopter Emergency Medical Service (HEMS) was introduced in Denmark in 2014 to ensure the availability of physician-led critical care for all patients regardless of location.

    Authors: Karen Alstrup, Thea Palsgaard Møller, Lars Knudsen, Troels Martin Hansen, Jens Aage Kølsen Petersen, Leif Rognås and Charlotte Barfod
    Citation: Scandinavian Journal of Trauma, Resuscitation and Emergency Medicine 2019 27:102
    Content type: Original research Published on:

  3. Coma of unknown etiology (CUE) is a major challenge in emergency medicine. CUE is caused by a wide variety of pathologies that require immediate and targeted treatment. However, there is little empirical data ...

    Authors: Wolf Ulrich Schmidt, Christoph J. Ploner, Maximilian Lutz, Martin Möckel, Tobias Lindner and Mischa Braun
    Citation: Scandinavian Journal of Trauma, Resuscitation and Emergency Medicine 2019 27:101
    Content type: Original research Published on:

  4. The emergency medical healthcare system outside hospital varies greatly across the globe - even within the western world. Within the last ten years, the demand for emergency medical service systems has increas...

    Authors: Tim Alex Lindskou, Søren Mikkelsen, Erika Frischknecht Christensen, Poul Anders Hansen, Gitte Jørgensen, Ole Mazur Hendriksen, Hans Kirkegaard, Peter Anthony Berlac and Morten Breinholt Søvsø
    Citation: Scandinavian Journal of Trauma, Resuscitation and Emergency Medicine 2019 27:100
    Content type: Review Published on:

  5. Traumatic brain injuries continue to be a significant cause of mortality and morbidity worldwide. Most traumatic brain injuries are classified as mild, with a low but not negligible risk of intracranial hemorr...

    Authors: Sebastian Svensson, Tomas Vedin, Linus Clausen, Per-Anders Larsson and Marcus Edelhamre
    Citation: Scandinavian Journal of Trauma, Resuscitation and Emergency Medicine 2019 27:99
    Content type: Original research Published on:

  6. Sepsis is defined as a life-threatening organ dysfunction due to a dysregulated inflammation following an infection. However, the impact of this definition on patient care is not fully clear. This study invest...

    Authors: Jenny Klimpel, Lorenz Weidhase, Michael Bernhard, André Gries and Sirak Petros
    Citation: Scandinavian Journal of Trauma, Resuscitation and Emergency Medicine 2019 27:98
    Content type: Original research Published on:

  7. Resuscitation efforts for traumatic patients with out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA) are not always futile. Dispatcher-assisted cardiopulmonary resuscitation (DA-CPR) during emergency calls could increase t...

    Authors: Chien-Hsin Lu, Pin-Hui Fang and Chih-Hao Lin
    Citation: Scandinavian Journal of Trauma, Resuscitation and Emergency Medicine 2019 27:97
    Content type: Original research Published on:

  9. The population of the Kingdom of Bhutan is scattered in small villages throughout the eastern Himalaya. Infants born prematurely in villages have no access to neonatal intensive care until they are transported...

    Authors: Charles Haviland Mize, Lhab Dorji and Ken Zafren
    Citation: Scandinavian Journal of Trauma, Resuscitation and Emergency Medicine 2019 27:95
    Content type: Case report Published on:

    The Editorial to this article has been published in Scandinavian Journal of Trauma, Resuscitation and Emergency Medicine 2019 27:96

  10. Access to an Emergency Medical Communication Centre is essential for the population in emergency situations. Handling inbound calls without delay requires managing activity, process and outcome measures of the...

    Authors: Yann Penverne, Brice Leclere, Eric Lecarpentier, Jean-Sébastien Marx, Benjamin Gicquel, Laurent Goix and Paul-Georges Reuter
    Citation: Scandinavian Journal of Trauma, Resuscitation and Emergency Medicine 2019 27:94
    Content type: Original research Published on:

  11. Studies have shown that providing adequate ventilation during CPR is essential. While hypoventilation is often feared by most caregivers on the scene, the most critical problem remains hyperventilation. We dev...

    Authors: Abdo Khoury, Alban De Luca, Fatimata S. Sall, Lionel Pazart and Gilles Capellier
    Citation: Scandinavian Journal of Trauma, Resuscitation and Emergency Medicine 2019 27:93
    Content type: Original research Published on:

  12. Chest pain is a frequent reason for calls in emergency medical communication centre (EMCC). Detecting a coronary origin by phone is a challenge. This is especially so as the presentations differ according to g...

    Authors: Paul-Georges Reuter, Catherine Pradeau, Samantha Huo Yung Kai, Thibault Lhermusier, Arnaud Bourdé, Eric Tentillier, Xavier Combes, Vanina Bongard, Jean-Louis Ducassé and Sandrine Charpentier
    Citation: Scandinavian Journal of Trauma, Resuscitation and Emergency Medicine 2019 27:92
    Content type: Original research Published on:

  13. The Basic-Trauma Management (BTM) course has been taught to third-year medical students in small groups for many years without substantial changes. With the introduction of a new curriculum for Swiss medical s...

    Authors: Joana Berger-Estilita, Sabine Nabecker and Robert Greif
    Citation: Scandinavian Journal of Trauma, Resuscitation and Emergency Medicine 2019 27:91
    Content type: Original research Published on:

  14. For neonates and children requiring decompression of tension pneumothorax, specific recommendations for the choice of needle type and size are missing. The aim of this retrospective study was to determine opti...

    Authors: Georg Leonhard, Daniel Overhoff, Lucas Wessel, Tim Viergutz, Marcus Rudolph, Michael Schöler, Holger Haubenreisser and Tom Terboven
    Citation: Scandinavian Journal of Trauma, Resuscitation and Emergency Medicine 2019 27:90
    Content type: Original research Published on:

  15. Making ethically sound treatment limitations in prehospital care is a complex topic. Helicopter Emergency Medical Service (HEMS) physicians were surveyed on their experiences with limitations of care orders in...

    Authors: Heidi Kangasniemi, Piritta Setälä, Heini Huhtala, Antti Kämäräinen, Ilkka Virkkunen, Joonas Tirkkonen, Arvi Yli-Hankala and Sanna Hoppu
    Citation: Scandinavian Journal of Trauma, Resuscitation and Emergency Medicine 2019 27:89
    Content type: Original research Published on:

  16. Much effort has been made to explore how patients with advanced chronic illness and their families experience care when they attend the Emergency Department, and many studies have investigated how healthcare p...

    Authors: Silvia Di Leo, Sara Alquati, Cristina Autelitano, Massimo Costantini, Gianfranco Martucci, Francesco De Vincenzo, Beata Kuczynska, Alessandra Morini, Laura Trabucco, Raffaella Ursicelli, Gianluca Catania and Luca Ghirotto
    Citation: Scandinavian Journal of Trauma, Resuscitation and Emergency Medicine 2019 27:88
    Content type: Original research Published on:

  17. Children form a specific group of patients, as there are significant differences between children and adults in both anatomy and physiology. Difficult airway may be unanticipated or anticipated. Difficulties e...

    Authors: Wojciech Walas, Dawid Aleksandrowicz, Maria Kornacka, Tomasz Gaszyński, Ewa Helwich, Marek Migdał, Andrzej Piotrowski, Grażyna Siejka, Tomasz Szczapa, Alicja Bartkowska-Śniatkowska and Zenon P. Halaba
    Citation: Scandinavian Journal of Trauma, Resuscitation and Emergency Medicine 2019 27:87
    Content type: Guideline Published on:

  18. A reduction in pre-hospital scene time for patients with penetrating trauma is associated with reduced mortality, when combined with appropriate hospital triage. This study investigated the relationship betwee...

    Authors: Alan Cowley, Mark Durham, Duncan Aldred, Richard Crabb, Paul Crouch, Adam Heywood, Andy McBride, Julia Williams and Richard Lyon
    Citation: Scandinavian Journal of Trauma, Resuscitation and Emergency Medicine 2019 27:86
    Content type: Original research Published on:

  20. Chest pain is common in acute ambulance transports. This study aims to characterize and compare ambulance-transported chest pain patients to non-chest pain patients and evaluate if patient characteristics and ...

    Authors: Claus Kjær Pedersen, Carsten Stengaard, Kristian Friesgaard, Karen Kaae Dodt, Hanne Maare Søndergaard, Christian Juhl Terkelsen and Morten Thingemann Bøtker
    Citation: Scandinavian Journal of Trauma, Resuscitation and Emergency Medicine 2019 27:84
    Content type: Original research Published on:

  21. A debate regarding the potential harmful effects of rigid neck collar and backboard usage among prehospital and hospital care providers in Norway provoked the development of an evidence-based guideline. “The N...

    Authors: Nina Øye Thorvaldsen, Lars Didrik Flingtorp, Torben Wisborg and Elisabeth Jeppesen
    Citation: Scandinavian Journal of Trauma, Resuscitation and Emergency Medicine 2019 27:83
    Content type: Original research Published on:

  22. Despite decades of improved strategy in conventional cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CCPR), survival rates of favorable neurological outcome after cardiac arrest (CA) remains poor. It is indicated that the surv...

    Authors: Bo Liu, Qiang Zhang, Yong Liang, Yun Zhang, Xiaoli Yuan, Jiyang Ling and Chunsheng Li
    Citation: Scandinavian Journal of Trauma, Resuscitation and Emergency Medicine 2019 27:82
    Content type: Original research Published on:

  23. Multilevel uncertainty exists in the treatment of devastating brain injury and variation in end-of-life decision-making is a concern. Cognitive and emotional doubt linked to making challenging decisions have n...

    Authors: Annette Robertsen, Eirik Helseth, Jon Henrik Laake and Reidun Førde
    Citation: Scandinavian Journal of Trauma, Resuscitation and Emergency Medicine 2019 27:81
    Content type: Original research Published on:

  24. Pre-hospital emergency anaesthesia and tracheal intubation are life-saving interventions in trauma patients. However, there is evidence suggesting that the risks associated with both procedures outweigh the be...

    Authors: Philipp Schwaiger, Herbert Schöchl, Daniel Oberladstätter, Helmut Trimmel and Wolfgang G. Voelckel
    Citation: Scandinavian Journal of Trauma, Resuscitation and Emergency Medicine 2019 27:80
    Content type: Original research Published on:

  25. Little is known about the associations between the duration of prehospital cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) by emergency medical services (EMS) and outcomes among paediatric patients with out-of-hospital ca...

    Authors: Haruka Shida, Tasuku Matsuyama, Kosuke Kiyohara, Tetsuhisa Kitamura, Takefumi Kishimori, Takeyuki Kiguchi, Chika Nishiyama, Daisuke Kobayashi, Satoe Okabayashi, Tomonari Shimamoto, Takashi Kawamura and Taku Iwami
    Citation: Scandinavian Journal of Trauma, Resuscitation and Emergency Medicine 2019 27:79
    Content type: Original research Published on:

  26. High demands are placed on the emergency medical services to handle rescue operations in challenging environments such as tunnels. In Oslo, Norway a specialised management function within the emergency medical...

    Authors: Johan Hylander, Britt-Inger Saveman, Ulf Björnstig and Lina Gyllencreutz
    Citation: Scandinavian Journal of Trauma, Resuscitation and Emergency Medicine 2019 27:78
    Content type: Original research Published on:

  27. Traumatic spinal cord injury is a relatively rare injury in Denmark but may result in serious neurological consequences. For decades, prehospital spinal stabilisation with a rigid cervical collar and a hard ba...

    Authors: Christian Maschmann, Elisabeth Jeppesen, Monika Afzali Rubin and Charlotte Barfod
    Citation: Scandinavian Journal of Trauma, Resuscitation and Emergency Medicine 2019 27:77
    Content type: Guideline Published on:

  28. Clinical reasoning is the process of gathering and understanding information conducted by clinicians in the emergency medical services (EMS) so as to make informed decisions. Research on clinical reasoning spa...

    Authors: Ulf Andersson, Hanna Maurin Söderholm, Birgitta Wireklint Sundström, Magnus Andersson Hagiwara and Henrik Andersson
    Citation: Scandinavian Journal of Trauma, Resuscitation and Emergency Medicine 2019 27:76
    Content type: Review Published on:

  29. Workload is a major determinant of system performance and human well-being. This study aims to evaluate workload in prehospital emergency medicine on a single mission level and investigates influencing factors...

    Authors: Johannes Prottengeier, Johann Georg Keunecke, Christine Gall, Christian Eiche, Andreas Moritz and Torsten Birkholz
    Citation: Scandinavian Journal of Trauma, Resuscitation and Emergency Medicine 2019 27:75
    Content type: Original research Published on:

  30. The beneficial effect of epinephrine during resuscitation from out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA) has been inconclusive, and potential harm has been suggested, particularly in trauma victims. Although no si...

    Authors: Ryo Yamamoto, Masaru Suzuki, Kei Hayashida, Jo Yoshizawa, Atsushi Sakurai, Nobuya Kitamura, Takashi Tagami, Taka-aki Nakada, Munekazu Takeda and Junichi Sasaki
    Citation: Scandinavian Journal of Trauma, Resuscitation and Emergency Medicine 2019 27:74
    Content type: Original research Published on:

  32. Dizziness is a frequent reason for visiting emergency departments (EDs). Differentiating stroke from other causes is challenging for physicians. The role of biomarkers has been poorly assessed. We evaluated wh...

    Authors: N. Deboevere, N. Marjanovic, M. Sierecki, M. Marchetti, M. Dubocage, E. Magimel, O. Mimoz and J. Guenezan
    Citation: Scandinavian Journal of Trauma, Resuscitation and Emergency Medicine 2019 27:72
    Content type: Original research Published on:

  33. In France, the pre-hospital field triage of trauma patients is currently based on the Vittel criteria algorithm. This algorithm was originally created in 2002 before the stratification of trauma centers and, a...

    Authors: Arnaud Cassignol, Julien Marmin, Jean Cotte, Mickael Cardinale, Julien Bordes, Vanessa Pauly, François Kerbaul, Didier Demory and Eric Meaudre
    Citation: Scandinavian Journal of Trauma, Resuscitation and Emergency Medicine 2019 27:71
    Content type: Original research Published on:

  34. Spinal immobilisation of blunt trauma victims with potential spinal cord injury is considered standard of care. The traditional management has, however, been increasingly questioned and concerns about harm hav...

    Authors: Camilla Ikast Ottosen, Jacob Steinmetz, Mo Haslund Larsen, Josefine S. Baekgaard and Lars S. Rasmussen
    Citation: Scandinavian Journal of Trauma, Resuscitation and Emergency Medicine 2019 27:70
    Content type: Original research Published on:

  35. Alpine winter sports have become increasingly popular over recent decades, with a similar increase in accident incidence. This review provides an overview of the most recent literature concerning spinal injury...

    Authors: Sebastian Frederick Bigdon, Jan Gewiess, Sven Hoppe, Aristomenis K. Exadaktylos, Lorin M. Benneker, Paul Gilbert Fairhurst and Christoph E. Albers
    Citation: Scandinavian Journal of Trauma, Resuscitation and Emergency Medicine 2019 27:69
    Content type: Review Published on:

  37. In-hospital renal replacement therapy (RRT) is widely used for the treatments of acute kidney injury (AKI) in crush injury (CI) victims. This study was designed to investigate whether preventive peritoneal dia...

    Authors: Xian-Long Zhou, Shao-Zhou Ni, Dan Xiong, Xue-Qi Cheng, Peng Xu and Yan Zhao
    Citation: Scandinavian Journal of Trauma, Resuscitation and Emergency Medicine 2019 27:68
    Content type: Original research Published on:

  38. Prehospital recognition of sepsis may inform case management by ambulance clinicians, as well as inform transport decisions. The objective of this study was to develop a prehospital sepsis screening tool for u...

    Authors: Michael A. Smyth, Daniel Gallacher, Peter K. Kimani, Mark Ragoo, Matthew Ward and Gavin D. Perkins
    Citation: Scandinavian Journal of Trauma, Resuscitation and Emergency Medicine 2019 27:67
    Content type: Original research Published on:

  39. Intravenous drug infusions in critically ill patients require accurate syringe infusion pumps (SIPs). This is particularly important during transportation of critically ill patients by helicopter emergency med...

    Authors: Marc Blancher, Maxence Repellin, Maxime Maignan, Cyrielle Clapé, Arnaud Perrin, José Labarère, Guillaume Debaty and Damien Viglino
    Citation: Scandinavian Journal of Trauma, Resuscitation and Emergency Medicine 2019 27:65
    Content type: Original research Published on:

  40. We present two cases in which elderly male recreational cyclists suffered from cervical fractures and coinciding injuries of the spinal cord that subsequently led to cardiac arrest.

    Authors: Anne Marie Kabell Nissen, Louise Gramstrup Nielsen, Søren Mikkelsen and Anne Craveiro Brøchner
    Citation: Scandinavian Journal of Trauma, Resuscitation and Emergency Medicine 2019 27:64
    Content type: Case report Published on:

  41. Geographical service areas are used as descriptive system indicators in Emergency Medical Service (EMS) related studies and reporting templates. The actual service area may differ significantly from administra...

    Authors: Jukka Pappinen, Anna Olkinuora and Päivi Laukkanen-Nevala
    Citation: Scandinavian Journal of Trauma, Resuscitation and Emergency Medicine 2019 27:63
    Content type: Original research Published on:

  43. Due to its favorable hemodynamic characteristics and by providing good intubation conditions etomidate is often used for induction of general anesthesia in trauma patients. It has been linked to temporary adre...

    Authors: Michael Gäßler, Matthias Ruppert, Rolf Lefering, Bertil Bouillon and Arasch Wafaisade
    Citation: Scandinavian Journal of Trauma, Resuscitation and Emergency Medicine 2019 27:61
    Content type: Original research Published on:

  44. The Swiss staging model for hypothermia uses clinical indicators to stage hypothermia and guide the management of hypothermic patients. The proposed temperature range for clinical stage 1 is < 35–32 °C, for st...

    Authors: M. Pasquier, P. N. Carron, A. Rodrigues, F. Dami, V. Frochaux, C. Sartori, T. Deslarzes and V. Rousson
    Citation: Scandinavian Journal of Trauma, Resuscitation and Emergency Medicine 2019 27:60
    Content type: Original research Published on:

  45. The aim of this Letter to the Editor was to respond to a comment highlighting potential statistical biases in an analysis of our recently published article. We therefore specified the method for selecting the ...

    Authors: François Javaudin, Arnaud Legrand, Philippe Pes, Emmanuel Montassier and Christelle Volteau
    Citation: Scandinavian Journal of Trauma, Resuscitation and Emergency Medicine 2019 27:59
    Content type: Letter to the Editor Published on:

  46. Dysnatremias are common electrolyte disturbances with significant morbidity and mortality. In chronic dysnatremias a slow correction rate (<10 mmol/L/24 h) is indicated to avoid neurological complications. In ...

    Authors: David Joergensen, Kiarash Tazmini and Dag Jacobsen
    Citation: Scandinavian Journal of Trauma, Resuscitation and Emergency Medicine 2019 27:58
    Content type: Review Published on:

  47. The objective of this study was to investigate how the terrorist attack in Stockholm, Sweden affected patient inflow to the general emergency departments (EDs) in close proximity of the attack. The study analy...

    Authors: Andreas Ekström, Fredrik Eng-Larsson, Olov Isaksson, Lisa Kurland and Martin Nordberg
    Citation: Scandinavian Journal of Trauma, Resuscitation and Emergency Medicine 2019 27:57
    Content type: Original research Published on:

  48. We wanted to define metabolomic patterns in plasma to predict a negative outcome in severe trauma patients.

    Authors: Luis Servià, Mariona Jové, Joaquim Sol, Reinald Pamplona, Mariona Badia, Neus Montserrat, Manuel Portero-Otin and Javier Trujillano
    Citation: Scandinavian Journal of Trauma, Resuscitation and Emergency Medicine 2019 27:56
    Content type: Original research Published on:

  49. Obtaining accurate information from a 112 caller is key to correct tasking of Helicopter Emergency Medical Services (HEMS). Being able to view the incident scene via video from a mobile phone may assist HEMS d...

    Authors: E. ter Avest, E. Lambert, R. de Coverly, H. Tucker, J. Griggs, M. H. Wilson, A. Ghorbangholi, J. Williams and R. M. Lyon
    Citation: Scandinavian Journal of Trauma, Resuscitation and Emergency Medicine 2019 27:55
    Content type: Original research Published on:

  50. Diagnostic errors occur frequently, especially in the emergency room. Estimates about the consequences of diagnostic error vary widely and little is known about the factors predicting error. Our objectives thu...

    Authors: Wolf E. Hautz, Juliane E. Kämmer, Stefanie C. Hautz, Thomas C. Sauter, Laura Zwaan, Aristomenis K. Exadaktylos, Tanja Birrenbach, Volker Maier, Martin Müller and Stefan K. Schauber
    Citation: Scandinavian Journal of Trauma, Resuscitation and Emergency Medicine 2019 27:54
    Content type: Original research Published on:

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