Table 1 Characteristics of included studies

Chakroun‑Walha 2018

96

44 ± 20

88/8

Intravenous tranexamic acid was administered as soon as possible, with a first dose of 1 g in 100 mL of normal saline in 10 min and then with a maintenance dose of 1 g per 500 mL of normal saline for 8 h

9 ± 5

84

39 ± 18

74/10

Matched placebo

10 ± 5

CRASH-3 2019

4649

41.7 ± 19

3742/906

Tranexamic acid (loading dose 1 g over 10 min, then infusion of 1 g over 8 h)

Mild (13–15):1307

Moderate (9–12):1557

Severe (3–8):1757

4553

41.9 ± 19

3660/893

Matched placebo

Mild (13–15):1262

Moderate (9–12):1524

Severe (3–8):1732

Ebrahimi 2019

40

40.39 ± 18.27

33/7

Infusion of the drug as a loading dose (combination of 1 g of TXA with 100 ml of 0.9% normal saline and intravenous infusion over 10 min) and maintenance dose (combination of 1 g of TXA with 500 ml of 0.9% normal saline and an intravenous infusion over a period of 8 h)

Mild (13–15):8

Moderate (9–12):4

Severe (3–8):24

40

24.47 ± 7.11

35/5

Matched placebo

Mild (13–15):10

Moderate (9–12):3

Severe (3–8):23

Fakharian 2017

74

42.3 ± 18.3

67/7

Intravenous tranexamic acid was administered with the first dose of 1 g in 100 mL of normal saline in 10 min and then with a maintenance dose of 1 g per 1000 mL of normal saline for 8 h

12.7 ± 2.83

75

39.3 ± 18.1

66/9

Matched placebo

11.65 ± 3.71

Jokar 2017

40

35.4 ± 14.6

32/8

Intravenous tranexamic acid (a bolus of 1 g in 100 mL 0.9% NaCl over 10 min followed by a continuous infusion of 1 g in 500 mL 0.9% NaCl over 8 h)

 < 8

40

36.2 ± 14.9

28/12

Matched placebo

 < 8

Mousavinejad 2020

20

54.8 ± 19.1

14/6

Infusion in the form of loading dose (combination of 1 g TAX with 500 ml of 0.09% normal saline and intravenous Infusion within 10 min) and maintenance dose (combination of 1 g TAX with 500 ml of 0.09% normal saline and Intravenous Infusion within 8 h)

Mild (13–15):1

Moderate (9–12):5

Severe (3–8):13

20

55.1 ± 18.1

12/8

Matched placebo

Mild (13–15):2

Moderate (9–12):3

Severe (3–8):14

Perel 2012

133

36 ± 14

111/22

Tranexamic acid (loading dose 1 g over 10 min, then infusion of 1 g over 8 h)

Mild (13–15):63

Moderate (9–12):25

Severe (3–8):45

137

37 ± 14

117/20

Matched placebo

Mild (13–15):58

Moderate (9–12):34

Severe (3–8):45

Rowell 2020

312

30.5 ± 11.5

227/85

1-g IV tranexamic acid bolus in the out-of-hospital followed by a 1-g tranexamic acid IV infusion initiated upon hospital arrival and infused over 8 h

Mild (13–15):14

Moderate (9–12):129

Severe (3–8):169

309

29 ± 11.1

233/76

Matched placebo

Mild (13–15):8

Moderate (9–12):115

Severe (3–8):186

345

30.5 ± 11.1

255/90

2-g IV tranexamic acid bolus in the out-of-hospital setting followed by a placebo infusion

Mild (13–15):9

Moderate (9–12):159

Severe (3–8):177

Safari 2021

47

36.2 ± 15.1

40/7

Initial dosage of 1 g TXA within the first 3 h of admission, followed by 1 g every 6 h for 48 h

11.1 ± 2.9

47

36.4 ± 14.1

38/7

Matched placebo

11.1 ± 3.0

Yutthakasemsunt 2013

120

34.8 ± 16.0

103/17

Tranexamic acid (loading dose of 1.0 g over 30 min followed by a maintenance dose of 1.0 g infused over eight hours)

Moderate (9–12):52

Severe (4–8):68

118

34.1 ± 15.3

107/11

Matched placebo

Moderate (9–12):47

Severe (4–8):71