Table 3 Final multivariate model – adjusted association of variables with critical hypertension (defined as a new SBP > 180 mmHg ≤ 10 min of induction, or a > 10% increase if SBP was > 180 mmHg pre-PHEA) in adult trauma patients undergoing PHEA in the East of England, 2015–2022

Age / years

16–34

REF

35–54

1.76 (1.03–3.06)

55–74

2.00 (1.19–3.44)

75+

2.38 (1.31–4.35)

GCS motor score

1

REF

2

1.04 (0.42–2.40)

3

1.22 (0.57–2.54)

4

2.17 (1.19–4.01)

5

2.82 (1.60–5.09)

6

1.79 (0.99–3.33)

Pre-PHEA SBP / mmHg

Mid (90–140)

REF

Low < 90)

0.36 (0.057–1.23)

High (> 140)

6.72 (4.38–10.54)

Critical (> 180)

2.19 (1.05–4.39)

Pre-PHEA HR / beats/minute

Mid (60–100)

REF

Low (< 60)

1.55 (0.85–2.72)

High (> 100)

0.42 (0.27–0.64)

Fentanyl dose (mcg kg^− 1)

1

REF

2

0.47 (0.23–0.90)

3

0.67 (0.42–1.05)

0

0.82 (0.50–1.34)

Pre-PHEA fluids

None

REF

Fluids

0.60 (0.36–0.97)

Intubation attempts

1

REF

> 1

1.75 (1.01–2.96)