Table 1 Patient characteristics, physiological variables and PHEA characteristics in adult trauma patients who underwent PHEA in the East of England; 2015–2022
Variable |  | Total (n = 1355) |
|---|---|---|
Sex / n (%) | Male | 1023 (75.5%) |
| Â | Female | 332 (24.5%) |
Age group / n (%) | 16–34 | 462 (34.1%) |
|  | 35–54 | 384 (28.3%) |
|  | 55–74 | 336 (24.8%) |
| Â | 75+ | 173 (12.8%) |
Estimated patient weight / kg, median [IQR] | 80 [70–80] | |
Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) score / median [IQR] |  | 7 [4–11] |
GCS motor score / n (%) | 1 | 310 (22.9%) |
| Â | 2 | 99 (7.3%) |
| Â | 3 | 142 (10.5%) |
| Â | 4 | 243 (17.9%) |
| Â | 5 | 293 (21.6%) |
| Â | 6 | 268 (19.8%) |
Suspected injury pattern / n (%) | Isolated head injury | 706 (52.1%) |
|  | Head injury + thorax/abdomen | 464 (34.2%) |
| Â | No head injury | 185 (13.7%) |
Trauma type / n (%) | Blunt | 1306 (96.4%) |
| Â | Penetrating | 49 (3.6%) |
Mechanism / n (%) | Transport | 737 (54.4%) |
| Â | Accidental Injury | 442 (32.6%) |
| Â | Assault | 69 (5.1%) |
| Â | Self-harm | 66 (4.9%) |
| Â | Sport/leisure | 41 (3.0%) |
Pre-PHEA Shock index / median [IQR] |  | 0.69 [0.54–0.93] |
Pre-PHEA SBP / mmHg, n (%) | Low (< 90) | 132 (9.7%) |
|  | Mid (90–140) | 688 (50.8%) |
|  | High (141–180) Critical (> 180) | 417 (30.8%) 118 (8.7%) |
Pre-PHEA HR / beats/minute, n (%) | Low (< 60) | 120 (8.9%) |
|  | Mid (60–100) | 669 (49.4%) |
|  | High (> 100) | 563 (41.5%) |
| Â | NA | 3 (0.2%) |
Pre-PHEA RR / breaths/minute, n (%) | Low (< 10) | 74 (5.5%) |
|  | Mid (10–25) | 622 (45.9%) |
|  | High (> 25) | 276 (20.4%) |
| Â | NA | 383 (28.3%) |
Fentanyl dose (mcg kg− 1) / n (%) | 0 | 446 (32.9%) |
| Â | 1 | 398 (29.4%) |
| Â | 2 | 120 (8.9%) |
| Â | 3 | 391 (28.9%) |
Ketamine dose (mg kg− 1) / n (%) | 0 | 76 (5.6%) |
| Â | 1 | 733 (54.1%) |
| Â | 2 | 546 (40.3%) |
Rocuronium dose (mg kg− 1) / n (%) | 0 | 35 (2.6%) |
| Â | 1 | 1206 (89.0%) |
| Â | 2 | 114 (8.4%) |
Indication for PHEA / n (%) | Reduced consciousness | 613 (45.2%) |
| Â | Airway obstruction/compromise | 280 (20.7%) |
| Â | Agitated head injury | 172 (12.7%) |
Ventilatory failure | 165 (12.2%) | |
Anticipated clinical course | 102 (7.5%) | |
| Â | Other | 23 (1.7%) |
Arrival time to PHEA in minutes / median [IQR] | 24 [18–32] | |
Intubation attempts / n (%) | 1 > 1 | 1231 (90.8%) 124 (9.2%) |
Blade type / n (%) | Direct laryngoscope (DL) Video laryngoscope (VL) NA | 1034 (76.3%) 319 (23.5%) 2 (0.2%) |
Pre-PHEA fluids / n (%) | None | 988 (72.9%) |
Fluids | 367 (27.1%) | |