Diagnostic accuracy of clinical examination to identify life- and limb-threatening injuries in trauma patients

Table 2 Baseline characteristics of included patients (n = 947)

Characteristic	Missing no (%)
Age, median (range), y	0	31 (16–89)
Sex	0
Female		126 (13.3)
Male		821 (86.7)
Mechanism of injury	0
Blunt		569 (60.1)
Penetrating		378 (39.9)
Injury	46 (4.9)
ISS, median (IQR)		10 (4–22)
ISS > 15		364 (40.4)
AIS regions injured, median (IQR)		2 (1–3)
Polytrauma^a		329 (36.6)
Life-threatening injury	0
Head		228 (24.1)
Thorax		146 (15.4)
Abdomen		81 (8.6)
Pelvic Fracture		34 (3.6)
Limb-threatening injury	0
Spinal Fracture		27 (2.9)
Long Bone Fracture		153 (16.1)
Vascular		23 (2.4)
Life-threatening bleeding	0
Thorax		27 (2.9)
Abdomen		55 (5.8)
Pre-hospital Physiology
GCS, median (IQR)	7 (0.7)	15 (10–15)
SBP, median (IQR), mm Hg	113 (11.9)	127 (109–143)
HR, median (IQR), beats/min	10 (1.1)	93 (79–109)
RR, median (IQR), breaths/min	12 (1.3)	18 (14–20)
Outcome
In-hospital death	0	79 (8.3)
Hospital LOS, median (IQR), d	35 (3.7)	5 (2–18)
ICU LOS, median (IQR), d	35 (3.7)	0 (0–1)

Data presented as frequency (%), unless otherwise stated. Patients included all adult (≥ 16) patients assessed by London Air Ambulance and admitted to the Major Trauma Centre, 2019–2020
^aPolytrauma, multiply injured patients, defined as ≥ 3 AIS body regions injured; PH, pre-hospital; ISS, injury severity score; AIS, abbreviated injury scale; GCS, Glasgow Coma Score; SBP, systolic blood pressure; HR, heart rate; RR, respiratory rate; IQR, inter-quartile range; LOS, length of hospital stay; ICU, intensive care unit; Dayshift was defined as between 06:45–18:44; Nightshift was defined as between 18:45–06:44

ISSN: 1757-7241