Fig. 2

Diagnostic accuracy of clinical examination to identify life- and limb-threatening injuries and bleeding, according to clinician certainty. Measures include A sensitivity, B Positive Predictive Value (PPV), C False Negative Rate (FNR) and D False Positive Rate (FPR). Black dots represent clinician certainty, red dots uncertainty. Diagnoses were classified as having a high-level of certainty if documented with adjectives such as “likely”, “probably”, or without any qualifier. Diagnoses were classified as having a low-level of certainty if documented with qualifying statements suggesting a low degree of certainty including “potentially”, “possibly”, “maybe”, “unlikely”, “rule out”, or “?”. Horizontal lines represent 95% confidence intervals. Shaded vertical areas represent acceptable standards of accuracy measures