Table 2 Descriptive statistics and matched-pair analysis with outcome depending on route of administration. IV: all included patients with intravenous access, IO: all included patients with intraosseous access, IO + IV: all patients with both IO and IV access, ET + IV: all patients with both endotracheal and IV access, ET: all patients with only ET access, ET + IO: all patients with both ET and IO access, ET + IO + IV: all patients with all three access routes, n.sp.: not specified, IV[IO]: IV-subgroup to match IO, IV[IO+IV]: IV-subgroup to match IO + IV, IV[ET+IV]: IV-subgroup to match ET + IV, n: number of patients included, ROSC: return of spontaneous circulation with 95% confidence interval, VF/VT: ventricular fibrillation or ventricular tachycardia, Cardiogenic: cardiogenic cause of OHCA, Hypoxia: hypoxia as cause of OHCA, Witn. Byst.: OHCA witnessed by bystander, Witn. EMS: OHCA witnessed by EMS personnel, Byst. CPR: CPR performed by bystander, In public: OHCA in public or at doctor’s office, At home: OHCA at private home, Nurs. home: OHCA in a nursing facility, Time to EMS arrival: time from alarm until arrival of first EMS vehicle in minutes:seconds with standard deviation, MTH: percentage of hospitalized patients receiving mild therapeutic hypothermia, Cardiac cath.: percentage of hospitalized patients receiving cardiac catheter intervention, RACA: ROSC after cardiac arrest score, Δ-RACA: ROSC-RACA, hence the difference between actual ROSC and mean predicted ROSC by RACA score, CPR@ED: admission to emergency department under cardiopulmonary resuscitation, ROSC@ED: admission to ED after ROSC, 24 h survival: rate of patients alive 24 h after admission, 30d survival: rate of patients alive or discharged 30 days after admission, CPC 1/2: cerebral performance category 1 or 2
Patient characteristics | Matched pairs | Matched pairs | Matched pairs | |||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|  | All cases | IV | IO | IO + IV | ET + IV | ET | ET + IO | ET + IO + IV | n.sp. | IV[IO] | IO | Chi²/t | IV[IO+IV] | IO + IV | Chi²/t | IV[ET+IV] | ET + IV | Chi²/t |
Number (n) | 37,106 | 29,688 | 1303 | 4827 | 276 | 20 | 5 | 23 | 964 | 2416 | 1208 | – | 8706 | 4353 | – | 532 | 266 | – |
ROSC (%) 95% CI | 45.6 (45.1,46.1) | 46.8 (46.2,47.4) | 35.4 (32.8,38.1) | 42.1 (40.7,43.5) | 40.2 (34.4,46.3) | 15.0 (3.2,37.9) | 20.0 (0.5,71.6) | 34.8 (16.4,57.3) | 42.0 (38.9,45.2) | 44.1 (42.1,46.1) | 34.9 (32.2,37.7) | < 0.001 | 45.0 (44.0,46.1) | 41.2 (39.7,42.7) | < 0.001 | 43.2 (39.0,47.6) | 40.2 (34.3,46.4) | 0.418 |
VF/VT (%) | 23.9 | 25.3 | 15.1 | 18.5 | 19.6 | 10.0 | 0.0 | 34.8 | 20.5 | 15.1 | 15.1 | 1.0 | 18.8 | 18.8 | 1.0 | 19.9 | 19.9 | 1.0 |
Asystole (%) | 54.0 | 52.7 | 63.1 | 58.2 | 61.6 | 65.0 | 40.0 | 47.8 | 57.2 | 64.4 | 64.4 | 1.0 | 59.1 | 59.1 | 1.0 | 61.3 | 61.3 | 1.0 |
Cardiogenic (%) | 65.8 | 67.3 | 53.3 | 63.1 | 53.6 | 45.0 | 60.0 | 52.2 | 54.1 | 79.7 | 79.7 | 1.0 | 82.5 | 82.5 | 1.0 | 90.2 | 90.2 | 1.0 |
Hypoxia (%) | 12.8 | 12.2 | 17.0 | 15.9 | 7.3 | 5.0 | 0.0 | 17.4 | 11.2 | 15.2 | 15.2 | 1.0 | 13.4 | 13.4 | 1.0 | 5.6 | 5.6 | 1.0 |
Witn. Byst. (%) | 44.1 | 44.8 | 39.0 | 42.8 | 37.7 | 35.0 | 20.0 | 52.2 | 37.5 | 38.3 | 38.3 | 1.0 | 43.0 | 43.0 | 1.0 | 38.0 | 38.0 | 1.0 |
Witn. EMS (%) | 7.2 | 7.6 | 6.0 | 5.6 | 3.6 | 0.0 | 20.0 | 4.4 | 7.0 | 5.1 | 5.1 | 1.0 | 4.7 | 4.7 | 1.0 | 2.6 | 2.6 | 1.0 |
Byst. CPR (%) | 33.3 | 33.6 | 33.4 | 34.3 | 12.7 | 15.0 | 0.0 | 26.1 | 26.5 | 32.4 | 32.4 | 1.0 | 33.8 | 33.8 | 1.0 | 12.0 | 12.0 | 1.0 |
> 80 years (%) | 28.2 | 29.1 | 23.3 | 23.9 | 27.5 | 20.0 | 0.0 | 13.0 | 29.9 | 23.5 | 23.5 | 1.0 | 24.7 | 24.7 | 1.0 | 27.4 | 27.4 | 1.0 |
18–65 years (%) | 33.6 | 32.5 | 40.1 | 38.8 | 33.7 | 35.0 | 80.0 | 60.9 | 32.9 | 39.2 | 39.2 | 1.0 | 37.3 | 37.3 | 1.0 | 33.1 | 33.1 | 1.0 |
In public (%) | 19.5 | 19.7 | 18.3 | 19.0 | 16.7 | 15.0 | 0.0 | 17.4 | 19.3 | 18.0 | 18.0 | 1.0 | 18.5 | 18.5 | 1.0 | 16.5 | 16.5 | 1.0 |
At home (%) | 65.2 | 65.1 | 66.8 | 66.5 | 70.0 | 70.0 | 100 | 56.5 | 59.8 | 70.0 | 70.0 | 1.0 | 69.5 | 69.5 | 1.0 | 71.1 | 71.1 | 1.0 |
Nurs. home (%) | 9.2 | 9.1 | 9.5 | 9.9 | 5.8 | 10.0 | 0.0 | 4.4 | 7.9 | 7.7 | 7.7 | 1.0 | 8.7 | 8.7 | 1.0 | 4.9 | 4.9 | 1.0 |
Male (%) | 65.9 | 66.7 | 62.3 | 62.2 | 65.9 | 60.0 | 60.0 | 47.8 | 64.5 | 63.1 | 63.1 | 1.0 | 64.0 | 64.0 | 1.0 | 66.2 | 66.2 | 1.0 |
Time to EMS arrival ± st.d. | 6:21 ± 3:23 | 06:21 ± 3:24 | 6:00 ± 3:13 | 6:21 ± 3:20 | 6:09 ± 3:04 | 5:07 ± 2:35 | 6:30 ± 2:07 | 5:42 ± 3:08 | 6:38 ± 3:41 | 6:27 ± 3:23 | 5:56 ± 3:08 | < 0.001 | 6:23 ± 3:26 | 6:21 ± 3:18 | 0.480 | 6:08 ± 2:57 | 6:07 ± 3:04 | 0.918 |
MTH (%) | 26.6 | 27.3 | 19.2 | 25.0 | 14.0 | 25.0 | 0.0 | 50.0 | 24.5 | 25.0 | 19.1 | 0.010 | 27.9 | 25.7 | 0.070 | 19.3 | 14.6 | 0.262 |
Cardiac cath. (%) | 28.5 | 28.9 | 21.6 | 28.4 | 14.7 | 25.0 | 0.0 | 37.5 | 25.0 | 26.1 | 22.6 | 0.139 | 29.0 | 30.1 | 0.350 | 15.5 | 15.5 | 0.983 |
RACA score (%) | 43.2 | 43.5 | 41.5 | 42.6 | 39.1 | 38.5 | 52.5 | 50.5 | 42.3 | 40.6 | 41.0 | 0.483 | 41.6 | 41.9 | 0.382 | 39.4 | 38.8 | 0.590 |
Δ-RACA (%) | 2.3 | 3.3 | -6.2 | -0.6 | 1.1 | -23.5 | -32.5 | -15.7 | -0.3 | 3.5 | -6.1 | – | 3.4 | -0.7 | – | 3.8 | 1.4 | – |
CPR@ED (%) | 13.2 | 12.9 | 13.9 | 15.6 | 11.6 | 5.0 | 40.0 | 8.7 | 12.7 | 11.6 | 13.6 | 0.092 | 12.0 | 15.1 | < 0.001 | 12.6 | 11.3 | 0.592 |
ROSC@ED (%) | 36.5 | 37.9 | 26.6 | 31.6 | 35.1 | 15.0 | 20.0 | 26.1 | 32.2 | 35.6 | 26.3 | < 0.001 | 35.8 | 30.7 | < 0.001 | 37.0 | 35.0 | 0.567 |
24 h survival (%) | 21.5 | 22.4 | 16.4 | 18.1 | 17.4 | 5.0 | 40.0 | 21.7 | 18.5 | 20.0 | 16.1 | 0.005 | 21.3 | 17.5 | < 0.001 | 20.1 | 17.7 | 0.410 |
30d survival (%) | 9.2 | 9.8 | 4.8 | 7.2 | 6.2 | – | – | 8.7 | 7.9 | 7.6 | 4.7 | 0.001 | 8.9 | 7.0 | < 0.001 | 7.0 | 6.4 | 0.765 |
CPC 1/2 (%) | 5.5 | 6.0 | 1.8 | 4.1 | 2.9 | – | – | 8.7 | 5.3 | 4.5 | 1.9 | < 0.001 | 5.3 | 4.0 | 0.002 | 3.8 | 3.0 | 0.586 |