Table 2 Interventions and outcomes of the study cohort
Variables | NSH | No NSH | P valuea | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
All | Matched (1:3) | |||
Interventions in ICUs—N (%) | ||||
 Hypothermia | 93 (1.4) | 5 (0.7) | 1 (0.4) | 0.636 |
 External ventricular drainage without ICP monitoring | 92 (1.4) | 2 (0.3) | 1 (0.4) | 0.738 |
 External ventricular drainage with ICP monitoringb | 398 (6.0) | 31 (4.5) | 0 (0.0) | 0.001 |
 Barbiturate infusion for refractory ICP | 393 (5.9) | 18 (2.6) | 1 (0.4) | 0.045 |
 Hyperventilation paCO2 < 25 mmHg | 312 (4.7) | 17 (2.4) | 9 (3.9) | 0.251 |
 Indomethacin | 23 (0.3) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 1.000 |
 Mannitol (multiple doses) | 1613 (24.1) | 119 (17.1) | 43 (18.5) | 0.618 |
 Hypertonic saline | 816 (12.2) | 46 (6.6) | 15 (6.5) | 0.939 |
 Invasive monitoring of intracranial pressurec | 1930 (28.9) | 105 (15.1) | 6 (2.6) | < 0.001 |
Complications during ICU stay—N (%) | ||||
 Cardiovascular | 693 (10.4) | 59 (8.5) | 14 (6.0) | 0.231 |
 Gastrointestinal | 197 (2.9) | 17 (2.4) | 3 (1.3) | 0.296 |
 Neurologicald | 2438 (36.5) | 179 (25.7) | 74 (31.9) | 0.067 |
 Respiratory | 954 (14.3) | 90 (12.9) | 12 (5.2) | 0.001 |
 Other | 325 (4.9) | 24 (3.4) | 3 (1.3) | 0.091 |
 Infections | 2423 (36.3) | 193 (27.7) | 44 (19.0) | 0.008 |
 Missing | 2 | 0 | 0 |  |
Three-day mortality—N deaths (%) | 836 (12.5) | 66 (9.5) | 18 (7.8) | 0.428 |
 Missing | 2 | 0 | 0 |  |
ICU outcome | ||||
Dead—N (%) | 1569 (23.5) | 143 (20.5) | 67 (28.9) | 0.009 |
 Missing vital status | 7 | 0 | 0 |  |
If alive, conditions at discharge: | 0.674 | |||
 Follow simple commands—N (% on alive) | 1443 (28.5) | 116 (21.3) | 32 (19.8) |  |
 Cannot follow simple commands—N (% on alive) | 3607 (71.5) | 429 (78.7) | 130 (80.2) |  |
 Missing conditions at discharge | 63 | 8 | 3 |  |
If alive, discharged to: | < 0.001 | |||
 Ward—N (% on alive) | 2283 (44.7) | 282 (51.0) | 115 (69.7) |  |
 Other ICU—N (% on alive) | 1167 (22.9) | 113 (20.4) | 26 (15.8) |  |
 High dependency unit—N (% on alive) | 1276 (25.0) | 137 (24.8) | 16 (9.7) |  |
 Rehabilitation—N (% on alive) | 358 (7.0) | 20 (3.6) | 2 (1.2) |  |
 Day hospital or long-term care—N (% on alive) | 5 (0.1) | 1 (0.2) | 5 (3.0) |  |
 Home—N (% on alive) | 17 (0.3) | 0 (0.0) | 1 (0.6) |  |
Hospital mortality—N deaths (%) | 2054 (30.9) | 194 (28.0) | 82 (35.5) | 0.030 |
 Missing | 41 | 2 | 1 |  |
ICU stay (days)—Median (Q1–Q3) | ||||
 Alive after ICU | 9.0 (3.0–18.0) | 5.0 (2.0–13.0) | 4.0 (2.0–12.0) | 0.872 |
 Deaths in ICU | 3.0 (1.0–7.0) | 3.0 (1.0–7.0) | 5.0 (2.0–10.0) | 0.049 |
 Missing | 2 | 1 | 0 |  |
Hospital stay (days)—Median (Q1–Q3) | ||||
 Alive after ICU | 19.0 (10.0–34.0) | 16.0 (9.0–.0) | 14.0 (7.0–25.0) | 0.130 |
 Missing | 17 | 0 | 0 |  |
6-month GOS-E—N (%) | 0.010 | |||
 Severe disability pre-TBI | 86 (1.6) | 17 (3.2) | 4 (2.1) |  |
 Moderate disability pre-TBI | 53 (1.0) | 4 (0.7) | 0 (0.0) |  |
 Dead (1) | 2308 (42.6) | 228 (42.3) | 87 (46.5) |  |
 Vegetative State (2) | 174 (3.2) | 12 (2.2) | 4 (2.1) |  |
 Lower severe disability (3) | 748 (13.8) | 76 (14.1) | 20 (10.7) |  |
 Upper severe disability (4) | 407 (7.5) | 43 (8.0) | 11 (5.9) |  |
 Lower moderate disability (5) | 267 (4.9) | 21 (3.9) | 2 (1.1) |  |
 Upper moderate disability (6) | 428 (7.9) | 38 (7.1) | 9 (4.8) |  |
 Lower good recovery (7) | 427 (7.9) | 44 (8.2) | 10 (5.3) |  |
 Upper good recovery (8) | 514 (9.5) | 56 (10.4) | 40 (21.4) |  |
 Missing | 1270 | 157 | 45 |  |