Skip to main content

Table 1 Demographic and clinical characteristics of the enrolled patients

From: Hospitals with and without neurosurgery: a comparative study evaluating the outcome of patients with traumatic brain injury

Variables

NSH

No NSH

P valuea

All

Matched (1:3)

N

6682

696

232

 

Age

0.959

 Mean (SD)

55.0 (21.0)

64.5 (20.1)

64.6 (20.3)

 

 Median (Q1–Q3)

57.0 (38.0–74.0)

71.0 (51.0–80.0)

73.0 (51.8–80.0)

 

Sex (female)—N (%)

1775 (26.6)

213 (30.6)

71 (30.6)

1.000

Occupational status—N (%)

0.013

 Worker

1633 (28.6)

120 (20.5)

38 (21.2)

 

 Retired

1594 (28.0)

265 (45.2)

102 (57.0)

 

 Unemployed

247 (4.3)

16 (2.7)

6 (3.4)

 

 Student

275 (4.8)

10 (1.7)

4 (2.2)

 

 Disabled/Sheltered employment

104 (1.8)

11 (1.9)

3 (1.7)

 

 Unknown

1849 (32.4)

164 (28.0)

26 (14.5)

 

 Missingb

980

110

53

 

Marital status—N (%)

0.055

 Unmarried/single

1204 (21.1)

79 (13.5)

21 (11.7)

 

 Married

2033 (35.6)

225 (38.4)

88 (49.2)

 

 Separated/divorced

172 (3.0)

16 (2.7)

8 (4.5)

 

 Widowed

399 (7.0)

69 (11.8)

17 (9.5)

 

 Unknown

1896 (33.2)

197 (33.6)

45 (25.1)

 

 Missingb

978

110

53

 

Education level—N (%)

0.015

 No schooling

117 (2.1)

13 (2.2)

4 (2.2)

 

 Primary school/elementary school

1230 (21.6)

133 (22.7)

63 (35.2)

 

 High school diploma

1043 (18.3)

81 (13.8)

19 (10.6)

 

 University degree or higher

243 (4.3)

16 (2.7)

2 (1.1)

 

 Unknown

3071 (53.8)

343 (58.5)

91 (50.8)

 

 Missingb

978

110

53

 

Comorbidities—N (%)

 Any comorbidityc

3506 (52.5)

458 (65.8)

154 (66.4)

0.873

 Antiplatelet therapy

517 (7.7)

63 (9.1)

20 (8.6)

0.842

 Arrhythmia

608 (9.1)

108 (15.5)

36 (15.5)

1.000

 Cerebrovascular disease

449 (6.7)

74 (10.6)

19 (8.2)

0.283

 COPD

262 (3.9)

37 (5.3)

14 (6.0)

0.678

 Dementia

180 (2.7)

14 (2.0)

7 (3.0)

0.372

 Drug-induced coagulopathy

370 (5.5)

67 (9.6)

20 (8.6)

0.649

 Diabetes Type II

706 (10.6)

81 (11.6)

26 (11.2)

0.859

 Hypertension

2083 (31.2)

316 (45.4)

102 (44.0)

0.703

 Myocardial infarction

358 (5.4)

49 (7.0)

25 (10.8)

0.069

Penetrating trauma—N (%)

210 (3.1)

16 (2.3)

4 (1.7)

0.602

Traffic accident—N (%)

3052 (45.7)

257 (36.9)

84 (36.2)

0.844

Trauma dynamic—N (%)

0.493

 High-energy impact

2833 (42.4)

232 (33.3)

68 (29.3)

 

 Low-energy impact

2418 (36.2)

330 (47.4)

119 (51.3)

 

 Other

1430 (21.4)

134 (19.3)

45 (19.4)

 

 Missing

1

0

0

 

Pre-treatment GCS—N (%)

0.382

 Mean (SD)

8.9 (4.4)

11.0 (4.3)

11.2 (4.3)

 

 Median (Q1-Q3)

8 (5–13)

13 (7 -15)

13 (8–15)

 

 3–8

3354 (50.2)

195 (28.0)

62 (26.7)

 

 9–13

1735 (26.0)

211 (30.3)

60 (25.9)

 

 14–15

1593 (23.8)

290 (41.7)

110 (47.4)

 

Main lesion—N (%)

 Cerebral contusion/laceration

1715 (25.7)

125 (18.0)

40 (17.2)

0.804

 Extradural/epidural haematoma

581 (8.7)

42 (6.0)

10 (4.3)

0.323

 Traumatic subdural haematoma

2216 (33.2)

161 (23.1)

59 (25.4)

0.476

 Intraparenchymal bleeding

554 (8.3)

138 (19.8)

47 (20.3)

0.887

 Diffuse injury without oedema

422 (6.3)

19 (2.7)

5 (2.2)

0.633

 Diffuse injury with oedema

301 (4.5)

18 (2.6)

5 (2.2)

0.715

 Subarachnoid haemorrhage

755 (11.3)

171 (24.6)

60 (25.9)

0.693

 Skull fracture

138 (2.1)

22 (3.2)

6 (2.6)

0.658

Injuries other than TBId—N (%)

 Isolate TBI

3595 (53.8)

398 (57.2)

123 (53.0)

0.268

 Abdomen

652 (9.8)

35 (5.0)

10 (4.3)

0.659

 Chest

2089 (31.3)

193 (27.7)

73 (31.5)

0.276

 Pelvis, bones, joints and muscles

1458 (21.8)

154 (22.1)

42 (18.1)

0.194

 Major vessels

176 (2.6)

14 (2.0)

1 (0.4)

0.134

 Spine

1363 (20.4)

135 (19.4)

46 (19.8)

0.886

 Other

17 (0.3)

2 (0.3)

0 (0.0)

1.000

Time between injury and ICU adm. (hours)

0.085

 Mean (SD)

8.3 (10.2)

9.1 (12.0)

7.6 (9.3)

 

 Median (Q1-Q3)

4.8 (2.9–8.5)

4.5 (2.7–9.0)

5.0 (2.8–7.4)

 

 Missing

1232

119

17

 

Pupils at ED arrival—N (%)

0.985

 Bilaterally reactive/miotic

4776 (71.5)

583 (83.8)

195 (84.1)

 

 Unilaterally dilated/non-reactive

1044 (15.6)

54 (7.8)

19 (8.2)

 

 Bilaterally dilated/non-reactive

637 (9.5)

36 (5.2)

11 (3.0)

 

 Not available

225 (3.4)

23 (3.3)

7 (3.0)

 

Hypotension—N (%)

990 (14.8)

57 (8.2)

19 (8.2)

1.000

Hypoxia—N (%)

1587 (23.8)

74 (10.6)

24 (10.3)

0.902

Haemorrhagic-hypovolemic shock on ICU admission—N (%)

702 (10.5)

31 (4.5)

10 (4.3)

0.927

Neurogenic shock on ICU admission—N (%)

523 (7.8)

27 (3.9)

10 (4.3)

0.771

SAPS II (worst 24 h from ICU admission)

0.877

 < 41 [probability: 0.00–0.25]

2085 (46.3)

330 (56.7)

120 (57.4)

 

 41–51 [probability: 0.26–0.50]

925 (20.6)

89 (15.3)

31 (14.8)

 

 52–63 [probability: 0.51–0.75]

808 (18.0)

97 (16.7)

38 (18.2)

 

 > 63 [probability: 0.76–1.00]

682 (15.2)

66 (11.3)

20 (9.6)

 

 SAPSII not assessable

2182

114

23

 

Worst CT scan of first 48 h in ICU—N (%)

 

Marshall scale

0.943

 Diffuse Injury I

730 (10.9)

159 (22.8)

55 (23.7)

 

 Diffuse Injury II

2339 (35.0)

291 (41.8)

91 (39.2)

 

 Diffuse Injury III

631 (9.4)

42 (6.0)

13 (5.6)

 

 Diffuse Injury IV

229 (3.4)

34 (4.9)

11 (4.7)

 

 Mass lesion (V or VI)

2753 (41.2)

170 (24.4)

62 (26.7)

 

Midline shift > 5 mm

2150 (32.2)

139 (20.0)

51 (22.0)

0.511

Lesion volume > 25 ml

2217 (33.2)

148 (21.3)

54 (23.3)

0.520

Petechiae

2419 (36.2)

180 (25.9)

59 (25.4)

0.897

Cistern condition

0.622

 Normal

3046 (45.6)

339 (48.7)

105 (45.3)

 

 Compressed or distorted

2541 (38.0)

182 (26.1)

67 (28.9)

 

 Absent

1095 (16.4)

175 (25.1)

60 (25.9)

 
  1. aP value comparing no-NSH and matched NSH patients
  2. bThe information is not available for patients enrolled in 2014
  3. cThe complete list of comorbidities is reported in the Additional file 1: Table S1
  4. dThe complete list of lesions considered in each body region is reported in the Additional file 1: Table S2
Back to article page

Scandinavian Journal of Trauma, Resuscitation and Emergency Medicine

ISSN: 1757-7241