Table 1 Demographic characteristics of patients after refractory cardiac arrest

Gender

Male

83(74.1)

52(77.6)

31(68.9)

0.302

Age

Median (IQR) ^a

59.5 (50.0–67.5)

61.0 (54.0–68.0)

55.0 (45.0–66.0)

0.102

≥ 55

72 (64.3)

49(73.1)

23(51.1)

0.017

Etiology of cardiac arrest

Acute myocardial infarction

66 (58.9)

38 (56.7)

28 (62.2)

0.030

Cardiomyopathy

13 (11.6)

9 (13.4)

4 (8.9)

Myocarditis

12 (10.7)

3 (4.5)

9 (20.0)

Pulmonary embolism

9 (8.0)

8 (11.9)

1 (2.2)

Others

12 (10.7)

9 (13.4)

3 (6.7)

Underlying disease

Coronary artery disease

100 (89.3)

59 (88.1)

41 (91.1)

0.759

Hypertension

62 (55.4)

39 (58.2)

23 (51.1)

0.459

Diabetes mellitus

53 (47.3)

32 (47.8)

21 (46.7)

0.909

Pulmonary disease

28 (25.0)

17 (25.4)

11 (24.4)

0.911

Renal insufficiency

36 (32.1)

23 (34.3)

13 (28.9)

0.546

Chronic liver disease

12 (10.7)

6 (9.0)

6 (13.3)

0.539

Hyperlipidemia

26 (23.2)

16 (23.9)

10 (22.2)

0.839

Location of cardiac arrest

OHCA^b

27 (24.1)

18 (26.9)

9 (20.0)

0.043

EDCA^c

20 (17.9)

7 (10.4)

13 (28.9)

IHCA^d

65 (58.0)

42 (62.7)

23 (51.1)

Initial cardiac rhythm

Asystole/PEA

49 (43.8)

39 (58.2)

10 (22.2)

0.002

Pulseless VT^e/ Vf^f

63 (56.2)

28 (41.8)

35 (77.8)

CPR to ECMO (min)

Median (IQR)

46.0 (35.0–57.0)

50.0 (42.0–60.0)

38.0 (35.0–46.0)

0.001

≥ 48

53 (47.3)

43 (64.2)

10 (22.2)

<0.001

Lactate (IU/ml)

Median (IQR)

8.6 (5.7–13.1)

9.8 (6.6–15.3)

7.0 (5.2–9.5)

0.004

Troponin (ng/L)

Median (IQR)

3.2 (0.7–24.4)

3.6 (0.7–37.2)

2.5 (0.5–11.0)

0.350

Initial pH

Median (IQR)

7.3 (7.1–7.3)

7.2 (7.1–7.3)

7.3 (7.2–7.4)

0.014

Creatinine (mg/dL)

Median (IQR)

1.6 (1.2–2.0)

1.7 (1.3–2.0)

1.4 (1.1–1.9)

0.426

PCI

Yes

75 (67.0)

47 (70.1)

28 (62.2)

0.382

IABP

Yes

60 (53.6)

39 (58.2)

21 (46.7)

0.230

Dialysis

Yes

34 (30.4)

19 (28.4)

15 (33.3)

0.575

Therapeutic Hypothermia

Yes

52 (46.4)

31 (46.3)

21 (46.7)

0.967

ROSC

Yes

108 (96.4)

63 (94.0)

45 (100.0)

0.147

ECMO duration (hour)

Median (IQR)

71.0 (26–124)

44.5 (19–101)

93.0 (66–148)

<0.001

Hospital stay (day)

Median (IQR)

14.0 (3.5–27.0)

5.0 (2.0–16.0)

24.0 (16.0–47.0)

<0.001

Follow-up time (month)

Median (IQR)

0.6 (0.1–25.5)

0.1 (0.0–0.5)

33.8 (15.0–48.6)

<0.001

Neurologic function at discharge (CPC score)

1

32 (28.6)

0 (0.0)

32 (71.1)

<0.001

2

2 (1.8)

0 (0.0)

2 (4.4)

3

5 (4.5)

0 (0.0)

5 (11.1)

4

6 (5.4)

0 (0.0)

6 (13.3)

5

67 (59.8)

0 (0.0)

0 (0.0)

Good neurologic function at discharge

Yes (CPC ≤ 2) ^g

34 (30.4)

0 (0.0)

34 (75.6)

<0.001

Survival-6 months later

Yes

41 (36.6)

0 (0.0)

41(91.1)

Neurologic function-6 month later (CPC score)

1

29 (25.9)

0 (0.0)

29 (64.4)

<0.001

2

0 (0.0)

0 (0.0)

0 (0.0)

3

6 (5.4)

0 (0.0)

6 (13.3)

4

6 (5.4)

0 (0.0)

6 (13.3)

5

4 (3.6)

0 (0.0)

4 (8.9)

Good neurologic function-6 months later

Yes (CPC ≤ 2)

29 (25.9)

0 (0.0)

29 (64.4)