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Table 2 In-hospital data of the study population according to their rewarming rate category

From: Impact of rewarming rate on the mortality of patients with accidental hypothermia: analysis of data from the J-Point registry

 

All patients

Missing

Rewarming rate (°C/h)

P values*

(≥2.0)

(1.5–< 2.0)

(1.0–< 1.5)

(0.5–< 1.0)

(< 0.5)

 

n = 481

n = 57

n = 36

n = 104

n = 175

n = 109

 

Body temperature, Median (IQR)

30.7 (28.2–32.4)

0 (0.0)

27.2 (25.6–31.2)a, b

28.8 (26.0–30.6)c,

29.8 (27.5–32.0)a

30.9 (28.8–32.5)b, c

32.2 (30.2–33.6)a, b, c

< 0.001

Body temperature category

 

0 (0.0)

      

 Mild (≥32 °C)

163 (33.9)

 

10 (17.5)a

5 (13.9)b

27 (26.0)c

60 (34.3)d

61 (56.0)a, b, c, d

< 0.001

 Moderate (28–32 °C)

216 (44.9)

 

15 (26.3)a

16 (44.4)

48 (46.2)

92 (52.6)a

45 (41.3)

0.011

 Severe (< 28 °C)

102 (21.2)

 

32 (56.1)a

15 (41.7)b

29 (27.9)a

23 (13.1)a, b

3 (2.8)a, b

< 0.001

Systolic blood pressure

 

0 (0.0)

      

 Cardiac arrest

12 (2.5)

 

9 (15.8)a, b, c

0 (0.0)

1 (1.0)a

1 (0.6)b

1 (0.9)c

< 0.001

 Unmeasurable

29 (6.0)

 

8 (14.0)

2 (5.6)

4 (3.8)

12 (6.9)

3 (2.8)

0.063

 40–90 mmHg

98 (20.4)

 

5 (8.8)a

8 (22.2)

21 (20.2)

33 (18.9)

31 (28.4)a

0.045

 > 90 mmHg

342 (71.1)

 

35 (61.4)

26 (72.2)

78 (75.0)

129 (73.7)

74 (67.9)

0.345

Heart rate, Median (IQR)

65 (49–84)

2 (0.4)

60 (35–99)

74 (49–95)

71 (58–87)a

63 (50–81)

60 (45–75)a

0.021

Glasgow coma scale, Median (IQR)

11 (8–14)

58 (12.1)

11 (6–13)

11 (8–13)

11 (8–14)

12 (9–14)

10 (7–14)

0.073

Biological data

 Serum pH, Median (IQR)

7.312 (7.246–7.368)

62 (12.9)

7.267 (7.178–7.318)a, b

7.312 (7.257–7.338)

7.306 (7.209–7.358)

7.329 (7.255–7.379)a

7.336 (7.273–7.375)b

0.001

 Serum HCO3- (mEq/L), Median (IQR)

21 .0 (15.8–25.7)

66 (13.7)

19.9 (14.6–23.9)a

18.3 (15.1–25.6)

19.2 (14.4–24.0)b

21.9 (16.0–26.2)

22.8 (17.0–26.4)a, b

0.014

 Serum Lactate (mmol/L), Median (IQR)

2.8 (1.3–6.0)

100 (20.8)

4.4 (2.2–8.8)a, b

3.1 (1.9–5.8)c

4.1 (2.0–7.0)d, e

2.1 (1.2–5.6)a, d

1.8 (0.9–3.6)b, c, e

< 0.001

 Serum Sodium (mEq/L), Median (IQR)

140 (135–143)

7 (1.5)

140 (137–143)

141 (139–143)

140 (137–143)

139 (136–143)

138 (133–143)

0.272

 Serum Potassium (mEq/L), Median (IQR)

4 (3.6–4.7)

6 (1.2)

4.2 (3.6–4.9)

4.2 (3.6–4.5)

4.1 (3.6–4.8)

4.0 (3.5–4.6)

4.0 (3.6–4.5)

0.891

 Serum Glucose (mg/dL), Median (IQR)

127 (91–189)

44 (9.1)

164 (107–256)

122 (107–165)

132 (97–201)

127 (96–182)

109 (82–180)

0.051

SOFA score**

5 (3–7)

32 (13.0)

7 (3–9)

5 (4–7)

4 (2–6)

5 (3–7)

6 (3–8)

0.108

Cold exposure

378 (78.6)

13 (2.7)

51 (89.5)a

34 (94.4)b

90 (86.5)c

134 (76.6)

69 (63.3)a, b, c

< 0.001

Associated condition

 Internal disease

248 (51.6)

0 (0.0)

23 (40.4)a

13 (36.1)b

51 (49.0)

89 (50.9)

72 (66.1)a, b

0.003

 Trauma

64 (13.3)

0 (0.0)

5 (8.8)

8 (22.2)

15 (14.4)

23 (13.1)

13 (11.9)

0.452

 Alcohol intoxication

43 (8.9)

0 (0.0)

5 (8.8)

2 (5.6)

12 (11.5)

20 (11.4)

4 (3.7)

0.146

 Drowning

27 (5.6)

0 (0.0)

8 (14.0)a

3 (8.3)

8 (7.7)

7 (4.0)

1 (0.9)b

0.004

 Self-harm

30 (6.2)

0 (0.0)

6 (10.5)

5 (13.9)

9 (8.7)

8 (4.6)

2 (1.8)

0.017

 other

126 (26.2)

0 (0.0)

14 (24.6)

7 (19.4)

24 (23.1)

48 (27.4)

33 (30.3)

0.665

Admission ward

 No admission

15 (3.1)

0 (0.0)

0 (0.0)

1 (2.8)

4 (3.8)

6 (3.4)

4 (3.7)

0.692

 General ward

219 (45.5)

0 (0.0)

25 (43.9)

9 (25.0)

45 (43.3)

82 (46.9)

58 (53.2)

0.056

 Intensive care unit

247 (51.4)

0 (0.0)

32 (56.1)

26 (72.2)a

55 (52.9)

87 (49.7)

47 (43.1)a

0.039

Rewarming procedure

 Active external or Minimally invasive

460 (95.6)

0 (0.0)

55 (96.5)

34 (94.4)

98 (94.2)

168 (96.0)

105 (96.3)

0.917

  Warm intravenous fluids

360 (74.8)

0 (0.0)

51 (89.5)a

30 (83.3)

83 (79.8)b

130 (74.3)

66 (60.6)a, b

< 0.001

  Warm blanket

340 (70.7)

0 (0.0)

28 (49.1)a, b

20 (55.6)c

67 (64.0)

137 (78.3)a

88 (80.7)b, c

< 0.001

  Forced warm air

76 (15.8)

0 (0.0)

13 (22.8)a

9 (25.0)

22 (21.2)

24 (13.7)

8 (7.3)a

0.007

  Heating Pads

20 (4.2)

0 (0.0)

4 (7.0)

4 (11.1)

7 (6.7)

2 (1.1)

3 (2.8)

0.009

  Warm bath

15 (3.1)

0 (0.0)

3 (5.3)

5 (13.9)a, b

5 (4.8)

1 (0.6)a

1 (0.9)b

< 0.001

 Active internal

80 (16.6)

0 (0.0)

19 (33.3)a

6 (16.7)

16 (15.4)

28 (16.0)

11 (10.1)a

0.009

  Lavage

38 (7.9)

0 (0.0)

5 (8.8)

3 (8.3)

11 (10.6)

13 (7.4)

6 (5.5)

0.708

  Intravascular

4 (0.8)

0 (0.0)

0 (0.0)

1 (2.8)

0 (0.0)

2 (1.1)

1 (0.9)

0.496

  Hemodialysis

25 (5.2)

0 (0.0)

2 (3.5)

1 (2.8)

5 (4.8)

13 (7.4)

4 (3.7)

0.675

  ECMO

18 (3.7)

0 (0.0)

13 (22.8)a, b, c

2 (5.6)

1 (1.0)a

1 (0.6)b

1 (0.9)c

< 0.001

Other treatment

 Intubation

29 (6.03)

0 (0.0)

6 (10.5)

2 (5.6)

6 (5.8)

10 (5.7)

5 (4.6)

0.663

 Catecholamine

82 (17.1)

0 (0.0)

16 (28.1)

12 (33.3)a

12 (11.5)a

23 (13.1)

19 (17.4)

0.005

 Emergent transvenous cardiac pacing

6 (1.3)

0 (0.0)

1 (1.8)

2 (5.6)

0 (0.0)

1 (0.6)

2 (1.8)

0.075

Rewarming rate (°C/h), Median (IQR)†

0.85 (0.53–1.31)

0 (0.0)

2.7 (2.25–3.8)

1.68 (1.6–1.84)

1.20 (1.09–1.31)

0.73 (0.59–0.85)

0.34 (0.25–0.41)

< 0.001

  1. Values are expressed as numbers (percentages) unless indicated otherwise
  2. Groups that share a superscript letter were significantly different from post-hoc pairwise comparisons
  3. SOFA sequential organ failure assessment, ECMO extracorporeal membrane oxygenation
  4. * Represents P for heterogeneity across the 5 rewarming rate groups. Comparisons between the 5 groups were evaluated with Kruskal-Wallis test for numeric variables and Fisher’s exact test for categorical variables. For post-hoc pairwise comparisons of these tests, Steel-Dwass multiple comparison tests and Bonferroni correction for multiple comparisons were used, respectively
  5. ** Calculated with patients admitting to intensive care units
  6. † Post-hoc analysis was omitted