| All patients | Missing | Rewarming rate (°C/h) | P values* | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
(≥2.0) | (1.5–< 2.0) | (1.0–< 1.5) | (0.5–< 1.0) | (< 0.5) |  | |||
n = 481 | n = 57 | n = 36 | n = 104 | n = 175 | n = 109 |  | ||
Body temperature, Median (IQR) | 30.7 (28.2–32.4) | 0 (0.0) | 27.2 (25.6–31.2)a, b | 28.8 (26.0–30.6)c, | 29.8 (27.5–32.0)a | 30.9 (28.8–32.5)b, c | 32.2 (30.2–33.6)a, b, c | < 0.001 |
Body temperature category | Â | 0 (0.0) | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
 Mild (≥32 °C) | 163 (33.9) |  | 10 (17.5)a | 5 (13.9)b | 27 (26.0)c | 60 (34.3)d | 61 (56.0)a, b, c, d | < 0.001 |
 Moderate (28–32 °C) | 216 (44.9) |  | 15 (26.3)a | 16 (44.4) | 48 (46.2) | 92 (52.6)a | 45 (41.3) | 0.011 |
 Severe (< 28 °C) | 102 (21.2) |  | 32 (56.1)a | 15 (41.7)b | 29 (27.9)a | 23 (13.1)a, b | 3 (2.8)a, b | < 0.001 |
Systolic blood pressure | Â | 0 (0.0) | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
 Cardiac arrest | 12 (2.5) |  | 9 (15.8)a, b, c | 0 (0.0) | 1 (1.0)a | 1 (0.6)b | 1 (0.9)c | < 0.001 |
 Unmeasurable | 29 (6.0) |  | 8 (14.0) | 2 (5.6) | 4 (3.8) | 12 (6.9) | 3 (2.8) | 0.063 |
 40–90 mmHg | 98 (20.4) |  | 5 (8.8)a | 8 (22.2) | 21 (20.2) | 33 (18.9) | 31 (28.4)a | 0.045 |
 > 90 mmHg | 342 (71.1) |  | 35 (61.4) | 26 (72.2) | 78 (75.0) | 129 (73.7) | 74 (67.9) | 0.345 |
Heart rate, Median (IQR) | 65 (49–84) | 2 (0.4) | 60 (35–99) | 74 (49–95) | 71 (58–87)a | 63 (50–81) | 60 (45–75)a | 0.021 |
Glasgow coma scale, Median (IQR) | 11 (8–14) | 58 (12.1) | 11 (6–13) | 11 (8–13) | 11 (8–14) | 12 (9–14) | 10 (7–14) | 0.073 |
Biological data | ||||||||
 Serum pH, Median (IQR) | 7.312 (7.246–7.368) | 62 (12.9) | 7.267 (7.178–7.318)a, b | 7.312 (7.257–7.338) | 7.306 (7.209–7.358) | 7.329 (7.255–7.379)a | 7.336 (7.273–7.375)b | 0.001 |
 Serum HCO3- (mEq/L), Median (IQR) | 21 .0 (15.8–25.7) | 66 (13.7) | 19.9 (14.6–23.9)a | 18.3 (15.1–25.6) | 19.2 (14.4–24.0)b | 21.9 (16.0–26.2) | 22.8 (17.0–26.4)a, b | 0.014 |
 Serum Lactate (mmol/L), Median (IQR) | 2.8 (1.3–6.0) | 100 (20.8) | 4.4 (2.2–8.8)a, b | 3.1 (1.9–5.8)c | 4.1 (2.0–7.0)d, e | 2.1 (1.2–5.6)a, d | 1.8 (0.9–3.6)b, c, e | < 0.001 |
 Serum Sodium (mEq/L), Median (IQR) | 140 (135–143) | 7 (1.5) | 140 (137–143) | 141 (139–143) | 140 (137–143) | 139 (136–143) | 138 (133–143) | 0.272 |
 Serum Potassium (mEq/L), Median (IQR) | 4 (3.6–4.7) | 6 (1.2) | 4.2 (3.6–4.9) | 4.2 (3.6–4.5) | 4.1 (3.6–4.8) | 4.0 (3.5–4.6) | 4.0 (3.6–4.5) | 0.891 |
 Serum Glucose (mg/dL), Median (IQR) | 127 (91–189) | 44 (9.1) | 164 (107–256) | 122 (107–165) | 132 (97–201) | 127 (96–182) | 109 (82–180) | 0.051 |
SOFA score** | 5 (3–7) | 32 (13.0) | 7 (3–9) | 5 (4–7) | 4 (2–6) | 5 (3–7) | 6 (3–8) | 0.108 |
Cold exposure | 378 (78.6) | 13 (2.7) | 51 (89.5)a | 34 (94.4)b | 90 (86.5)c | 134 (76.6) | 69 (63.3)a, b, c | < 0.001 |
Associated condition | ||||||||
 Internal disease | 248 (51.6) | 0 (0.0) | 23 (40.4)a | 13 (36.1)b | 51 (49.0) | 89 (50.9) | 72 (66.1)a, b | 0.003 |
 Trauma | 64 (13.3) | 0 (0.0) | 5 (8.8) | 8 (22.2) | 15 (14.4) | 23 (13.1) | 13 (11.9) | 0.452 |
 Alcohol intoxication | 43 (8.9) | 0 (0.0) | 5 (8.8) | 2 (5.6) | 12 (11.5) | 20 (11.4) | 4 (3.7) | 0.146 |
 Drowning | 27 (5.6) | 0 (0.0) | 8 (14.0)a | 3 (8.3) | 8 (7.7) | 7 (4.0) | 1 (0.9)b | 0.004 |
 Self-harm | 30 (6.2) | 0 (0.0) | 6 (10.5) | 5 (13.9) | 9 (8.7) | 8 (4.6) | 2 (1.8) | 0.017 |
 other | 126 (26.2) | 0 (0.0) | 14 (24.6) | 7 (19.4) | 24 (23.1) | 48 (27.4) | 33 (30.3) | 0.665 |
Admission ward | ||||||||
 No admission | 15 (3.1) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 1 (2.8) | 4 (3.8) | 6 (3.4) | 4 (3.7) | 0.692 |
 General ward | 219 (45.5) | 0 (0.0) | 25 (43.9) | 9 (25.0) | 45 (43.3) | 82 (46.9) | 58 (53.2) | 0.056 |
 Intensive care unit | 247 (51.4) | 0 (0.0) | 32 (56.1) | 26 (72.2)a | 55 (52.9) | 87 (49.7) | 47 (43.1)a | 0.039 |
Rewarming procedure | ||||||||
 Active external or Minimally invasive | 460 (95.6) | 0 (0.0) | 55 (96.5) | 34 (94.4) | 98 (94.2) | 168 (96.0) | 105 (96.3) | 0.917 |
  Warm intravenous fluids | 360 (74.8) | 0 (0.0) | 51 (89.5)a | 30 (83.3) | 83 (79.8)b | 130 (74.3) | 66 (60.6)a, b | < 0.001 |
  Warm blanket | 340 (70.7) | 0 (0.0) | 28 (49.1)a, b | 20 (55.6)c | 67 (64.0) | 137 (78.3)a | 88 (80.7)b, c | < 0.001 |
  Forced warm air | 76 (15.8) | 0 (0.0) | 13 (22.8)a | 9 (25.0) | 22 (21.2) | 24 (13.7) | 8 (7.3)a | 0.007 |
  Heating Pads | 20 (4.2) | 0 (0.0) | 4 (7.0) | 4 (11.1) | 7 (6.7) | 2 (1.1) | 3 (2.8) | 0.009 |
  Warm bath | 15 (3.1) | 0 (0.0) | 3 (5.3) | 5 (13.9)a, b | 5 (4.8) | 1 (0.6)a | 1 (0.9)b | < 0.001 |
 Active internal | 80 (16.6) | 0 (0.0) | 19 (33.3)a | 6 (16.7) | 16 (15.4) | 28 (16.0) | 11 (10.1)a | 0.009 |
  Lavage | 38 (7.9) | 0 (0.0) | 5 (8.8) | 3 (8.3) | 11 (10.6) | 13 (7.4) | 6 (5.5) | 0.708 |
  Intravascular | 4 (0.8) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 1 (2.8) | 0 (0.0) | 2 (1.1) | 1 (0.9) | 0.496 |
  Hemodialysis | 25 (5.2) | 0 (0.0) | 2 (3.5) | 1 (2.8) | 5 (4.8) | 13 (7.4) | 4 (3.7) | 0.675 |
  ECMO | 18 (3.7) | 0 (0.0) | 13 (22.8)a, b, c | 2 (5.6) | 1 (1.0)a | 1 (0.6)b | 1 (0.9)c | < 0.001 |
Other treatment | ||||||||
 Intubation | 29 (6.03) | 0 (0.0) | 6 (10.5) | 2 (5.6) | 6 (5.8) | 10 (5.7) | 5 (4.6) | 0.663 |
 Catecholamine | 82 (17.1) | 0 (0.0) | 16 (28.1) | 12 (33.3)a | 12 (11.5)a | 23 (13.1) | 19 (17.4) | 0.005 |
 Emergent transvenous cardiac pacing | 6 (1.3) | 0 (0.0) | 1 (1.8) | 2 (5.6) | 0 (0.0) | 1 (0.6) | 2 (1.8) | 0.075 |
Rewarming rate (°C/h), Median (IQR)†| 0.85 (0.53–1.31) | 0 (0.0) | 2.7 (2.25–3.8) | 1.68 (1.6–1.84) | 1.20 (1.09–1.31) | 0.73 (0.59–0.85) | 0.34 (0.25–0.41) | < 0.001 |