|
Parameter
|
DL Only (n = 856)
|
VL Only (n = 3614)
|
Both DL & VL (n = 667)
|
Neither (n = 64)
|
|---|
|
Demographics
|
|
Age 0–8 years (%)
|
5 (4–7)
|
3 (3–4)
|
3 (1–4)
|
9 (2–17)
|
|
Age > 70 years (%)
|
14 (12–17)
|
15 (14–16)
|
13 (10–15)
|
17 (8–27)
|
|
Male gender (%)
|
66 (63–70)
|
68 (67–70)
|
70 (67–74)
|
80 (70–90)
|
|
Clinical Category
|
|
Burn (%)
|
3 (2–4)
|
3 (3–4)
|
4 (3–5)
|
3 (1–11)
|
|
Medical (%)
|
21 (18–23)
|
18 (17–19)
|
17 (14–20)
|
17 (10–28)
|
|
Neurologic (%)
|
16 (13–18)
|
15 (14–16)
|
13 (10–15)
|
8 (3–17)
|
|
Other (%)
|
0 (0–1)
|
0 (0–0)
|
0 (0–1)
|
2 (0–8)
|
|
Trauma (%)
|
60 (57–64)
|
64 (62–65)
|
66 (62–70)
|
70 (58–80)
|
|
HEAVEN Criteria
|
|
Hypoxemia (%)
|
9 (7–11)
|
9 (8–10)
|
10 (8–13)
|
9 (2–17)
|
|
Extremes of size (%)
|
10 (8–12)
|
13 (12–14)
|
13 (11–16)
|
11 (3–19)
|
|
Anatomic (%)
|
9 (7–11)
|
9 (8–10)
|
13 (11–16)
|
25 (14–36)
|
|
Vomit/blood/fluid (%)
|
35 (32–38)
|
38 (36–39)
|
43 (39–47)
|
52 (39–64)
|
|
Exsanguination (%)
|
1 (0–2)
|
1 (1–2)
|
3 (1–4)
|
3 (0–8)
|
|
Neck mobility (%)
|
23 (21–26)
|
28 (26–29)
|
30 (26–33)
|
20 (10–30)
|
|
Total # of criteria (mean)
|
0.9 (0.9–1.0)
|
1.0 (1.0–1.1)
|
1.2 (1.1–1.3)
|
1.3 (1.0–1.6)
|
|
Intubation Data
|
|
Performed en route (%)
|
10 (8–12)
|
10 (9–11)
|
8 (6–11)
|
8 (1–15)
|
|
Succinylcholine as paralytic (%)
|
80 (77–82)
|
75 (74–77)
|
79 (76–82)
|
77 (66–87)
|
|
Overall success (%)
|
96 (95–98)
|
97 (97–98)
|
95 (93–96)
|
88 (79–96)
|
|
1st attempt success (%)
|
91 (89–93)
|
91 (90–92)
|
85 (82–88)
|
73 (62–83)
|
|
1st attempt success without oxygen desaturation (%)
|
90 (87–91)
|
89 (88–90)
|
83 (80–86)
|
64 (52–75)
|
- Demographic and clinical data for patients with documentation of Cormack-Lehane class during direct laryngoscopy (DL) only, video laryngoscopy (VL) only, both DL and VL, or neither. All values represent mean or % (95% confidence intervals)
