Serum lactate is an independent predictor of hospital mortality in critically ill patients in the emergency department: a retrospective study

Table 2 Vital signs and laboratory tests upon presentation

	<2 mmol/L (N = 150)	2–4 mmol/L (N = 150)	>4 mmol/L (N = 150)	p-value
HR (bpm) (Mean ± SD)	95.22 ± 21.27	100.69 ± 24.14	103.59 ± 23.74	0.007
RR (Breaths/min) (Mean ± SD)	21.91 ± 5.54	22.09 ± 5.54	23.22 ± 6.11	0.110
SBP (mmHg) (Mean ± SD)	120.03 ± 28.23	124.56 ± 28.54	114.13 ± 29.92	0.009
DBP (mmHg) (Mean ± SD)	66.31 ± 17.88	67.31 ± 18.24	65.12 ± 22.06	0.626
O₂ saturation (%) (Mean ± SD)	95.09 ± 7.83	95.03 ± 9.28	93.37 ± 8.30	0.147
Temperature (°C) (Mean ± SD)	37.23 ± 1.04	37.42 ± 1.04	37.05 ± 1.10	0.013
Lactate level (mmol/L) (Mean ± SD)	1.42 ± 0.38	2.72 ± 0.55	7.18 ± 3.42	<0.001
WBC (x10⁹cells/L) (Mean ± SD)	11,071.33 ± 6908.81	12,728.00 ± 6860.88	15,583.33 ± 12,135.99	<0.001
Hemoglobin (mg/dl) (Mean ± SD)	11.54 ± 3.37	11.58 ± 2.19	11.30 ± 2.56	0.640
Hematocrit (mg/dl) (Mean ± SD)	33.46 ± 7.10	34.69 ± 6.55	34.30 ± 8.10	0.331
Arterial pH (Mean ± SD)^a	7.35 ± 0.09	7.38 ± 0.09	7.31 ± 0.16	0.001
PaCO₂ (mmHg) (Mean ± SD)^a	41.63 ± 21.57	37.35 ± 13.22	34.98 ± 16.22	0.098
PaO₂ (mmHg) (Mean ± SD)^a	97.03 ± 47.74	97.45 ± 48.05	109.53 ± 70.75	0.350
Troponins (mg/dl) (Mean ± SD)^b	0.10 ± 0.22	0.07 ± 0.12	0.11 ± 0.13	0.254
Creatinine (mg/dl) (Mean ± SD)	1.63 ± 1.94	1.44 ± 1.35	1.90 ± 1.65	0.053

^aObtained from 205 patients: 41 (<2 mmol/L), 64 (2–3.9 mmol/L) and 100 (>4 mmol/L)
^bObtained from 158 patients: 39 (<2 mmol/L), 56 (2-4 mmol/L) and 63 (>4 mmol/L)

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