Fig. 5

Trial sequential analysis of all-cause mortality in patients with severe sepsis and septic shock of ProCESS, ARISE and ProMISe. Trial sequential analyses assessing the effect of early goal-direced therapy on all-cause mortality in 3 multicenter harmonious studies. The diversity-adjusted required information size was based on a relative risk reduction of 20; an alpha of 5; a beta of 2 and an event proportion of 22.2 %in the control arm. The blue cumulative z curve was constructed using a random effects model