Comparisons of normal saline and lactated Ringer’s resuscitation on hemodynamics, metabolic responses, and coagulation in pigs after severe hemorrhagic shock

Table 3 Changes of electrolytes after hemorrhage and resuscitation with lactated Ringer’s (LR) solution or normal saline (NS) in pigs

	Baseline	After Hemorrhage and Resuscitation	6 h
Na⁺ (mM)
Control	138 ± 3	139 ± 6	141 ± 2
LR	140 ± 3	138 ± 3	132 ± 3
NS	141 ± 2	150 ± 3^*§♣	144 ± 6
K⁺ (mM)
Control	4.5 ± 0.2	4.7 ± 0.4	4.6 ± 0.2
LR	4.3 ± 0.2	4.3 ± 0.2	5.2 ± 0.4
NS	4.5 ± 0.2	4.5 ± 0.3	5.7 ± 0.3*
Ca⁺⁺ (mM)
Control	9.2 ± 0.2	9.4 ± 0.3	8.9 ± 0.1
LR	9.5 ±0.4	7.7 ± 0.3^*♣	8.3 ± 0.8
NS	9.4 ± 0.3	7.9 ± 0.2^*♣	9.0 ± 0.3
Cl ^- (mM)
Control	97 ± 2	109 ± 8	100 ± 1
LR	101 ± 2	102 ± 2	97 ± 3
NS	102 ± 3	121 ± 6*	123 ± 6*

Animal groups include control (C, n = 6), hemorrhage with LR resuscitation (LR, n = 6), and hemorrhage with normal saline resuscitation (NS, n = 6). Data are expressed as means ± SE.
*p < 0.05 compared to corresponding baseline values within the group; ^§p < 0.05 LR vs NS groups; and ^♣p < 0.05 compared to corresponding control values.

ISSN: 1757-7241