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Table 4 Crude and adjusted odds ratios of variables associated with conveyance to the emergency department

From: Head injury in older adults presenting to the ambulance service: who do we convey to the emergency department, and what clinical variables are associated with an intracranial bleed? A retrospective case–control study

Predictors of conveyance

Crude OR

95% CI

adj. OR

95% CI

Age

0.99

0.98–0.99

0.98

0.97–0.99

Warfarin

4.22

2.79–6.38

7.91

5.06–12.34

Aspirin

1.13

0.92–1.37

1.57

1.25–1.98

Clopidogrel

1.39

1.08–1.79

2.08

1.56–2.76

DOAC

4.57

3.68–5.67

7.82

6.14–9.96

Previous MI

2.66

1.7–4.15

1.76

1.07–2.92

Dementia

0.58

0.5–0.68

0.73

0.59–0.9

Diabetes Mellitus

1.54

1.25–1.91

1.54

1.2–1.97

CKD

0.64

0.47–0.87

0.57

0.4–0.83

Head injury symptoms

3.22

2.73–3.81

2.85

2.37–3.44

Head injury present

1.19

1.02–1.38

1.52

1.27–1.83

Abnormal GCS

5.52

3.81–8.00

8.09

4.61–14.21

Respiratory rate

1.10

1.07–1.12

1.06

1.03–1.09

Heart rate

1.01

1.01–1.02

1.01

1.01–1.02

Blood pressure—Systolic

1.01

1.01–1.02

1.01

1.01–1.02

GCS—Verbal

  

Normal

Ref

 

Ref

 

Confused

1.19

1.01–1.41

1.27

0.99–1.61

Incomprehensible

0.66

0.37–1.20

0.50

0.21–1.2

Inappropriate

0.82

0.43–1.56

0.61

0.26–1.44

Unresponsive

0.46

0.25–0.84

0.57

0.24–1.35

AcVPU

   

Alert

Ref

 

Ref

 

Confused

2.03

1.41–2.92

1.17

0.72–1.89

Verbal

0.79

0.43–1.47

0.34

0.14–0.82

Pain

0.46

0.23–0.90

0.11

0.04–0.29

Unresponsive

0.42

0.2–0.89

0.39

0.14–1.09

Clinician on scene

    

Non-registered

Ref

 

Ref

 

Paramedic

0.80

0.67–0.97

0.70

0.56–0.88

Specialist paramedic

0.10

0.07–0.13

0.07

0.05–0.12

  1. CKD, chronic kidney disease; DOAC, direct oral anticoagulant; GCS, Glasgow coma scale; MI, myocardial infarction