Fig. 4

a TTE sagittal view of IVC long axis during inspiration; b IVC during expiration. Collapses > 50% with respiration provide insight into the fluid status of an adult trauma patient. c TEE transgastric short axis view during diastole; d systole. Severe left ventricular hypovolemia and papillary muscle kissing sign during systole. HP hepatic vein, IVC inferior vena cava, L liver, LV left ventricle, RA right atrium, RV right ventricle