Table 3 Characteristics of patients with NRS > 4 after trauma depending on pain therapy
Therapy with powerful opioids*a | Therapy with less powerful opioids*b | Ketamine and opioid | Ketamine without opioid | NSAR mono therapy | No pain medication | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
No. of cases | 1604 | 838 | 416 | 1174 | 144 | 432 |
Age: mean (SD) | 11.1 (4.3) | 10.3 (4.4) | 9.9 (5.0) | 8.0 (5.2) | 8.6 (5.5) | 9.4 (4.7) |
Gender | ||||||
Male | 1,000 (62.3%) | 495 (59.1%) | 276 (66.3%) | 703 (59.9%) | 73 (50.7%) | 242 (56.0%) |
Female | 563 (35.1%) | 321 (38.3%) | 134 (32.2%) | 438 (37.3%) | 68 (47.2%) | 178 (41.2%) |
Missing | 41 (2.6%) | 22 (2.6%) | 6 (1.4%) | 33 (2.8%) | 3 (2.1%) | 12 (2.8%) |
NRS at EMS arrival: mean (SD) | 7.0 (1.5) | 6.6 (1.4) | 7.5 (1.6) | 7.2 (1.5) | 6.2 (1.4) | 6.2 (1.3) |
Missing | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
NRS at hospital admission: mean (SD) | 1.9 (1.3) | 2.1 (1.3) | 1.7 (1.3) | 1.6 (1.4) | 2.7 (1.6) | 2.5 (1.7) |
Missing | 9 | 4 | 5 | 28 | 0 | 10 |
NRS at hospital admission > 4 | 63 (3.9%) | 43 (5.2%) | 10 (2.4%) | 29 (2.5%) | 15 (10.4%) | 68 (15.7%) |
Missing | 9 | 4 | 5 | 28 | 0 | 10 |
Development of pain during EMS treatment*c | ||||||
Pain reduction (= 1 scale point) | 9 (0.6%) | 7 (0.8%) | 1 (0.2%) | 6 (0.5%) | 10 (6.9%) | 27 (6.4%) |
Effective pain reduction (> = 2 scale point) | 1,566 (98.2%) | 805 (96.5%) | 405 (98.5%) | 1,124 (98.1%) | 126 (87.5%) | 340 (80.6%) |
No change | 20 (1.3%) | 21 (2.5%) | 4 (1.0%) | 16 (1.4%) | 8 (5.6%) | 54 (12.8%) |
Increase of pain (> = 1 scale point) | 0 | 1 (0.1%) | 1 (0.2%) | 0 | 0 | 1 (0.2%) |
Missing | 9 | 4 | 5 | 28 | 0 | 10 |