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Table 2 Effectiveness of methods

From: Preparing medical first responders for crises: a systematic literature review of disaster training programs and their effectiveness

Method

Indicator

Confirmed

Partially confirmed

No effect found

Lectures

Knowledge

57, 36, 41, 51, 63, 89, 91

53, 56, 82

52, 46, 62, 85

Performance

28, 26, 29, 36

 

32

Self-rep. preparedness

41, 43, 44

  

Self-rep. knowledge and competence

71, 51, 52, 54

  

Self-rep. confidence

46

  

Self-rep. self-efficacy

64

  

Further self-rep. measures

43, 54, 55

 

53, 46, 56

Real-life scenario training

Knowledge

34, 63, 40, 51, 91, 89

53, 56, 82

45

Performance

34, 26, 27, 40, 29

 

32

Self-rep. preparedness

43, 44

  

Self-rep. knowledge and competence

45, 51

  

Self-rep. confidence

45, 47

  

Self-rep. self-efficacy

34, 64

  

Further self-rep. measures

34, 43, 47, 84,55

 

40, 56, 53

Discussion-based learning

Knowledge

79, 34, 83, 41, 36, 63, 40, 91, 33

53, 56, 82

52, 46, 85

Performance

34, 36, 40

  

Self-rep. preparedness

41

  

Self-rep. knowledge and competence

86, 88, 71, 52

49

 

Self-rep. confidence

46

49

 

Self-rep. self-efficacy

34, 64

  

Further self-rep. measures

34, 55

 

53, 40, 46, 56

Practical skills training

Knowledge

79, 37, 91, 41

 

85

Performance

  

32

Self-rep. preparedness

41

  

Self-rep. knowledge and competence

54, 71

  

Self-rep. confidence

   

Self-rep. self-efficacy

   

Further self-rep. measures

54

  

Field visit

Knowledge

63, 40

  

Performance

40

  

Self-rep. preparedness

   

Self-rep. knowledge and competence

54, 71

  

Self-rep. confidence

   

Self-rep. self-efficacy

   

Further self-rep. measures

54

 

40

Debriefing

Knowledge

26, 27, 63, 83, 91

56

45, 46, 62

Performance

   

Self-rep. preparedness

44

  

Self-rep. knowledge and competence

45

  

Self-rep. confidence

45, 46, 47

  

Self-rep. self-efficacy

   

Further self-rep. measures

47, 55, 84

60

56

Computer-based learning

Knowledge

34, 37, 40, 83, 89, 91

81, 82

 

Performance

27, 34, 40

  

Self-rep. preparedness

42

  

Self-rep. knowledge and competence

 

49

 

Self-rep. confidence

 

49

 

Self-rep. self-efficacy

42, 81, 34

  

Further self-rep. measures

34

 

40

Educational videos

Knowledge

35, 92, 41, 63, 40, 37, 91

56, 82

52

Performance

40

35

 

Self-rep. preparedness

41

  

Self-rep. knowledge and competence

52

  

Self-rep. confidence

   

Self-rep. self-efficacy

   

Further self-rep. measures

  

40, 56

VR (on screen)

Knowledge

63

 

62

Performance

29

  

Self-rep. preparedness

   

Self-rep. knowledge and competence

   

Self-rep. confidence

   

Self-rep. self-efficacy

64

  

Further self-rep. measures

   
  1. Bold numbers indicate that the study tested the method as a sole training method; Self-rep. = self-reported; Self-reported preparedness also covers readiness; Self-reported knowledge and competence also covers self-reported capability and skills; Note that the table only lists studies that test pre-post comparisons of a training, while between-method comparisons are described in the text; The categories serious gaming and immersive VR are not part of this table because the studies in which they were used focused on between-method comparisons