Table 2 Key EpiC Study Exposure, Predictors, and Outcome Measures
Exposures | Definition | Variable Type | Data Source |
|---|---|---|---|
1O—Critical resuscitative interventions (CRI) | Prehospital and in-hospital resuscitative interventions or therapeutics, delivered for the patient’s traumatic injury (e.g., thoracostomy for tension pneumothorax), within the first 24 h post-injury | Binary | EMS and/or Hospital |
1O—Trauma-to-CRI time | Duration of time from injury to receiving a critical resuscitative intervention for the dominant injury | Continuous | EMS, Hospital, and/or Pathology |
Predictors | Definition | Variable Type | Data Source |
|---|---|---|---|
Age | Span of years lived at the time of injury | Continuous | EMS, Hospital, or Pathology |
Sex | Biological sex given at birth | Categorical | EMS, Hospital, or Pathology |
Comorbidities | One or more pre-existing disease or conditions present in the patient that are trauma-relevant chronic conditions (e.g., bleeding disorder) | Binary | EMS or Hospital |
Socioeconomic status | Based on hospital insurance status | Categorical | Hospital |
Mechanism of injury | Main force that created the injury or how injury was inflicted (e.g., firearm, Struck/hit, stabbing or cut, vehicular injury, fall, thermal, choking/hanging, iatrogenic, other) | Categorical | EMS, Hospital, or Pathology |
Provider level | Health care provider qualifications (e.g., rank of EMS provider, type of doctor) | Categorical | EMS |
Injury severity | ISS calculated as the sum of squares of 3 worst AIS scores. Low (< 12) or high (≥ 12) | Continuous, Binary | EMS, Hospital, or Pathology |
Outcomes | Definition | Variable Type | Data Source |
|---|---|---|---|
1O—Ambulance death or 7-day in-hospital mortality | All-cause mortality in the ambulance or within the hospital in the first 7-days post-injury | Time-to-event | EMS, Hospital, or Pathology |
2O—30-day in-hospital mortality | All-cause mortality at any point during the hospital stay | Time-to-event | Hospital or Pathology |
2O—Non-resuscitative surgical interventions | Post-injury interventional procedures such as fasciotomies, limb amputation, and laparotomies | Binary | Hospital |
2O—Secondary infections | Post-injury infections such as wound infections, pneumonia, and sepsis | Binary | Hospital |
2O—Organ failure | Organ failure will be assessed by individual organ (acute kidney injury, coagulopathy, and acute lung injury) and by a composite multiple organ failure score such the SOFA score up to 7-days | Continuous | Hospital |