Table 2 Prehospital interventions and dispatch times among the subset of 256 patients with out-of-hospital traumatic cardiac arrest

Total cohort

Dead

Alive

P value

(n = 256)

(n = 238)

(n = 18)

Bystander CPR

Yes

111 (43.4%)

102 (42.9%)

9 (50.0%)

0.93

No

88 (34.4%)

81 (34.0%)

7 (38.9%)

EMS witnessed cardiac arrest

33 (12.9%)

31 (13.0%)

2 (11.1%)

Missing

24 (9.4%)

24 (10.1%)

0 (0.0%)

Highest competence

Not attended by EMS

3 (1.2%)

3 (1.2%)

0 (0.0%)

0.97

Advanced life support by nurse

135 (52.7%)

125 (52.5%)

10 (55.6%)

Advanced life support by physician

117 (45.7%)

109 (45.8%)

8 (44.4%)

Missing

1 (0.4%)

1 (0.4%)

1 (0.4%)

EMS response time (min)

Median [IQR]

9.0 [6.0–13.0]

9.0 [6.0–13.0]

9.0 [6.0–13.0]

0.92

Missing

2 (0.8%)

2 (0.8%)

0 (0.0%)

On scene time (min)

Median [IQR]

20.0 [14.3–26.0]

19.5 [15.0–26.0]

21.5 [12.0-23.8]

0.69

Missing

2 (0.8%)

2 (0.8%)

0 (0%)

Transport time from scene to hospital (min)

Median [IQR]

13.0 [9.0–18.0]

13.0 [9.0–18.0]

14.5 [11.3–19.0]

0.31

Missing

2 (0.8%)

2 (0.8%)

0 (0.0%)

Time from dispatch to hospital (min)

Median [IQR]

44.0 [37.8–54.3]

44.0 [34.3–54.8]

46.0 [36.3–53.3]

0.79

Missing

0 (0.0%)

0 (0.0%)

0 (0.0%)

Intubation by EMS

Yes

212 (82.8%)

199 (83.6%)

13 (72.2%)

0.36

No

44 (17.2%)

39 (16.4%)

5 (27.8%)

Missing

0 (0.0%)

0 (0.0%)

0 (0.0%)

Highest ETCO2 (kPa)

Median [IQR]

4.0 [2.2-6.0]

4.0 [1.9-6.0]

5.0 [4.1–6.1]

0.24

Missing

166 (64.8%)

153 (64.3%)

13 (72.2%)

Adrenaline (Epinephrine) administered

Yes

146 (57.0%)

143 (60.1%)

3 (16.7%)

< 0.001

No

75 (29.3%)

63 (26.5%)

12 (66.7%)

Missing

35 (13.7%)

32 (13.4%)

3 (16.7%)

Amount of adrenaline (mg)

Median [IQR]

2.0 [0.0–4.0]

2.0 [0.0–4.0]

0.0 [0.0–0.0]

0.002

Missing

41 (16.0%)

38 (16.0%)

3 (16.7%)

Thoracic decompression by EMS

Yes

66 (25.8%)

62 (26.1%)

4 (22.2%)

0.94

No

190 (74.2%)

176 (73.9%)

14 (77.8%)