Table 2 Clinical demographics of RRS activations
Variables | RRS without AAS | RRS with AAS | p valuea | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
(n = 768) | (n = 1115) | ||||
n | (%) | n | (%) | ||
RRS activations per 1000 admissions | 14.4 | 26.3 | < 0.001 | ||
Age (year), mean, SD | 63.3 ± 13.7 | 63.2 ± 16.2 | 0.905 | ||
Male | 386 | (50.2) | 622 | (55.8) | 0.018 |
Charlson Comorbidity Index, mean, SD | 2.6 ± 2.5 | 2.7 ± 2.5 | 0.1192 | ||
Myocardial infarction | 6 | (0.8) | 21 | (1.9) | 0.0480 |
Congestive heart failure | 17 | (2.2) | 52 | (4.7) | 0.0054 |
Peripheral vascular disorders | 50 | (6.5) | 69 | (6.2) | 0.7777 |
Cerebrovascular disease | 101 | (13.2) | 167 | (15.0) | 0.2649 |
Dementia | 23 | (3.0) | 45 | (4.0) | 0.2341 |
Chronic pulmonary disease | 23 | (3.0) | 50 | (4.5) | 0.0999 |
Rheumatic disease | 7 | (0.9) | 24 | (2.2) | 0.0375 |
Peptic ulcer disease | 23 | (3.0) | 38 | (3.4) | 0.6186 |
Mild liver disease | 142 | (18.5) | 191 | (17.1) | 0.4473 |
Diabetes without chronic complication | 129 | (16.8) | 243 | (21.8) | 0.0074 |
Diabetes with chronic complication | 27 | (3.5) | 50 | (4.5) | 0.2969 |
Hemiplegia or paraplegia | 1 | (0.1) | 7 | (0.6) | 0.1524 |
Renal disease | 75 | (9.8) | 149 | (13.4) | 0.0178 |
Any malignancy | 367 | (47.8) | 491 | (44) | 0.1083 |
Moderate or severe liver disease | 21 | (2.7) | 31 | (2.8) | 0.9524 |
Metastatic solid tumor | 73 | (9.5) | 112 | (10.0) | 0.6990 |
AIDS/HIV | 1 | (0.1) | 0 | (0) | 0.4079 |
MEWS, mean, SD | 2.5 ± 2.1 | 3.6 ± 2.1 | < 0.001 | ||
Mode of RRS activation | < 0.001 | ||||
Call | 253 | (32.9) | 231 | (20.7) | |
Manual screening | 504 | (65.6) | 373 | (33.4) | |
AAS | 0 | (0) | 498 | (44.7) | |
CPR alarm | 11 | (1.4) | 13 | (1.2) | |
Person of RRS activation | < 0.001 | ||||
Nurse | 206 | (26.8) | 186 | (16.7) | |
Doctor | 47 | (6.1) | 43 | (3.8) | |
RRT member (including AAS) | 504 | (65.6) | 871 | (78.1) | |
Others | 11 | (1.4) | 15 | (1.4) | |
Causes of activation (multiple) | |||||
Respiratory | |||||
Respiratory rate | 31 | (4.0) | 133 | (11.9) | < 0.001 |
Saturation | 70 | (9.1) | 184 | (16.5) | < 0.001 |
Cardiovascular | |||||
Heart rate/arrhythmia | 37 | (4.8) | 205 | (18.4) | < 0.001 |
Blood pressure | 40 | (5.2) | 166 | (14.9) | < 0.001 |
Chest discomfort | 11 | (1.4) | 8 | (0.7) | < 0.001 |
Neurologic | 40 | (5.2) | 19 | (1.7) | < 0.001 |
Others | |||||
Clinicians’ concern | 239 | (31.1) | 255 | (22.9) | < 0.001 |
Abnormal laboratory results | 227 | (29.6) | 95 | (8.5) | < 0.001 |
Education/consultation | 58 | (7.6) | 51 | (4.6) | 0.0065 |
Transfer support of ICU patients | 26 | (3.4) | 30 | (2.7) | 0.3831 |
Code event | 10 | (1.3) | 8 | (0.7) | 0.2001 |
Time to response (min) | 4 (3–5) | 3 (2–5) | 0.0842 | ||
Management of activation | < 0.001 | ||||
Intensivist + RRT nurse | 318 | (41.4) | 279 | (25.0) | |
RRT Nurse alone | 450 | (58.6) | 836 | (75.0) | |
Results of activation (multiple) | |||||
ICU transfer | 83 | (10.8) | 114 | (10.2) | 0.6845 |
Doctor management | 107 | (13.9) | 63 | (5.7) | < 0.001 |
Doctor consultation | 138 | (18.0) | 132 | (11.8) | 0.0002 |
Nurse management | 308 | (40.1) | 705 | (63.2) | < 0.001 |
Nurse consultation/education | 155 | (20.2) | 150 | (13.5) | < 0.001 |
Transfer support | 23 | (3.0) | 26 | (2.3) | 0.3745 |
Code event support | 9 | (1.2) | 9 | (0.8) | 0.4241 |