Table 8 Levels of Evidence (LOE) for Studies of Therapeutic Interventions
From: The effectiveness and safety of paediatric prehospital pain management: a systematic review
LOE 1 | Randomised Controlled Trials (or meta-analyses of RCTs) |
|---|---|
LOE 2 | Studies using concurrent controls without true randomisation (e.g. “pseudo”-randomised) |
LOE 3 | Studies using retrospective controls |
LOE 4 | Studies without a control group (e.g. case series) |
LOE 5 | Studies not directly related to the specific patient/population (e.g. different patient/population, animal models, mechanical models, etc.) |