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Table 2 Characteristics of the population with a prehospital NIV indication (n = 97)

From: Management of respiratory distress following prehospital implementation of noninvasive ventilation in a physician-staffed emergency medical service: a single-center retrospective study

 

Total (n = 97)

NIV started(n = 56; 58%)

NIV not started(n = 41; 42%)

p Value

Characteristics

Age (year), mean ± SD

78 ± 9

77 ± 12

81 ± 11

0.11

Male, n (%)

96 (51)

28 (29)

68 (70)

0.81

Weight (kg), mean ± SD

63 ± 29

62 ± 31

64 ± 28

0.78

NACA, n (%)

   

<0.0001

 

3

12 (21)

0 (0)

12 (100)

 
 

4

34 (35)

17 (50)

17 (50)

 
 

5

48 (49)

38 (79)

10 (21)

 
 

6

2 (2)

1 (50)

3 (50)

 
 

7

1 (1)

0 (0)

1 (100)

 

Time interval (minutes), median (IQR)

Time to start

2.7 (2.0–3.6)

2.9 (2.0–4.0)

2.7 (1.9–3.3)

0.32

Time to scene

5.7 (4.0–7.9)

5.3 (3.5–7.2)

6.0 (4.8–8.1)

0.11

On-scene time

22 (16–27)

22 (18–27)

20 (14–25)

0.14

Time to hospital

9 (5–14)

8 (4–11)

13 (9–20)

<0.0001

Presumed diagnosis, n (%)

 

APEa

50 (52)

30 (54)

20 (49)

0.64

 

COPDa exacerbation

44 (45)

20 (36)

24 (59)

0.026

 

Pneumonia

25 (26)

15 (27)

10 (24)

0.79

 

ARDS

1 (1)

1 (1)

0 (0)

0.39

 

Asthma

0 (0)

0 (0)

0 (0)

–

Initial vital parameters

RR (breath/min), mean ± SD

35 ± 9

35 ± 8

34 ± 11

0.55

Sp02 (%), mean ± SD

82 ± 11

80 ± 10

86 ± 11

0.0006

HR (beat/min), mean ± SD

108 ± 27

115 ± 21

98 ± 31

0.0023

SBP (mmHg), mean ± SD

153 ± 37

154 ± 38

152 ± 36

0.89

DBP (mmHg), mean ± SD

84 ± 24

86 ± 25

81 ± 22

0.37

GCS, median (IQR)

15 (15–15)

15 (14–15)

15 (15–15)

0.14

GCS, n (%)

   

0.19

 

3–8

6 (6)

4 (67)

2 (33)

 
 

9–12

7 (7)

4 (57)

3 (43)

 
 

13–15

84 (86)

48 (57)

36 (43)

 

Final vital parametersb

RR (breath/min), mean ± SD

30 ± 8

29 ± 8

31 ± 8

0.27

SpO2 (%), mean ± SD

95 ± 6

96 ± 6

94 ± 7

0.29

HR (beat/min), mean ± SD

101 ± 25

103 ± 28

98 ± 19

0.39

SBP (mmHg), mean ± SD

138 ± 28

138 ± 30

139 ± 26

0.87

DBP (mmHg), mean ± SD

78 ± 18

79 ± 17

77 ± 19

0.73

GCS score, median (IQR)

15 (15–15)

15 (15–15)

15 (15–15)

0.48

GCS, n (%)

   

0.77

 

3–8

4 (4)

3 (75)

1 (25)

 
 

9–12

7 (7)

4 (57)

3 (43)

 
 

13–15

86 (89)

49 (57)

37 (43)

 

Treatment, n (%)

Oxygen

80 (82)

45 (80)

35 (85)

0.52

Intubation

2 (1.0)

1 (1.8)

1 (2.4)

–

Drugs

    
 

Salbutamol

40 (41)

20 (36)

20 (49)

0.22

 

Isosorbide dinitrate

27 (28)

16 (29)

11 (27)

1.00

 

Furosemide

22 (23)

14 (25)

8 (20)

0.63

 

Morphine sulfate

8 (8.2)

6 (11)

2 (4.9)

0.46

 

Ipratropium bromide

5 (5.1)

5 (8.9)

0 (0)

0.07

Outcome

ABG at hospital admission

    
 

pH

7.33 ± 0.10

7.30 ± 0.11

7.37 ± 0.07

0.0165

 

PaO2 (mmHg), mean ± SD

101 ± 77

109 ± 87

92 ± 63

0.11

 

PaCO2 (mmHg), mean ± SD

45 ± 17

47 ± 21

43 ± 11

0.38

 

Lactate (mmol/L), mean ± SD

2.4 ± 2.0

2.8 ± 2.1

1.9 ± 1.8

0.0254

 

Bicarbonates (mmol/L), mean ± SD

24 ± 5

23 ± 6

25 ± 4

0.06

Final diagnosisc, n (%)

    
 

APE

36 (37)

20 (36)

16 (39)

0.74

 

COPD exacerbation

24 (25)

12 (21)

12 (29)

0.38

 

Pneumonia

32 (33)

22 (39)

10 (24)

0.12

ICU admission in the first hour after hospital admission, n (%)

9 (12)

8 (22)

1 (3)

0.010

Intubation in the first hour after hospital admission, n (%)

4 (5.4)

4 (11)

0 (0)

0.035

48-hour mortality, n (%)

8 (8.3)

6 (11)

2 (4.9)

0.30

  1. aOverlapping presumptive diagnosis of COPD-APE for 10 patients (including 7 in the NIV group)
  2. bThere was a statistically significant (p < 0.05 for all) decrease in RR and SBP, as well as an increase in SpO2 in both NIV and non-NIV groups. There was a statistically significant decrease in DBP and HR (p < 0.05 for both) in the NIV group but not in the non-NIV group. There was no statistically significant difference for GCS
  3. cOverlapping presumptive diagnosis of COPD-APE for 3 patients (including 1 in the NIV group)