| Total (n = 97) | NIV started(n = 56; 58%) | NIV not started(n = 41; 42%) | p Value | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Characteristics | |||||
Age (year), mean ± SD | 78 ± 9 | 77 ± 12 | 81 ± 11 | 0.11 | |
Male, n (%) | 96 (51) | 28 (29) | 68 (70) | 0.81 | |
Weight (kg), mean ± SD | 63 ± 29 | 62 ± 31 | 64 ± 28 | 0.78 | |
NACA, n (%) | Â | Â | Â | <0.0001 | |
 | 3 | 12 (21) | 0 (0) | 12 (100) |  |
 | 4 | 34 (35) | 17 (50) | 17 (50) |  |
 | 5 | 48 (49) | 38 (79) | 10 (21) |  |
 | 6 | 2 (2) | 1 (50) | 3 (50) |  |
 | 7 | 1 (1) | 0 (0) | 1 (100) |  |
Time interval (minutes), median (IQR) | |||||
Time to start | 2.7 (2.0–3.6) | 2.9 (2.0–4.0) | 2.7 (1.9–3.3) | 0.32 | |
Time to scene | 5.7 (4.0–7.9) | 5.3 (3.5–7.2) | 6.0 (4.8–8.1) | 0.11 | |
On-scene time | 22 (16–27) | 22 (18–27) | 20 (14–25) | 0.14 | |
Time to hospital | 9 (5–14) | 8 (4–11) | 13 (9–20) | <0.0001 | |
Presumed diagnosis, n (%) | |||||
 | APEa | 50 (52) | 30 (54) | 20 (49) | 0.64 |
 | COPDa exacerbation | 44 (45) | 20 (36) | 24 (59) | 0.026 |
 | Pneumonia | 25 (26) | 15 (27) | 10 (24) | 0.79 |
 | ARDS | 1 (1) | 1 (1) | 0 (0) | 0.39 |
 | Asthma | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | – |
Initial vital parameters | |||||
RR (breath/min), mean ± SD | 35 ± 9 | 35 ± 8 | 34 ± 11 | 0.55 | |
Sp02 (%), mean ± SD | 82 ± 11 | 80 ± 10 | 86 ± 11 | 0.0006 | |
HR (beat/min), mean ± SD | 108 ± 27 | 115 ± 21 | 98 ± 31 | 0.0023 | |
SBP (mmHg), mean ± SD | 153 ± 37 | 154 ± 38 | 152 ± 36 | 0.89 | |
DBP (mmHg), mean ± SD | 84 ± 24 | 86 ± 25 | 81 ± 22 | 0.37 | |
GCS, median (IQR) | 15 (15–15) | 15 (14–15) | 15 (15–15) | 0.14 | |
GCS, n (%) | Â | Â | Â | 0.19 | |
 | 3–8 | 6 (6) | 4 (67) | 2 (33) |  |
 | 9–12 | 7 (7) | 4 (57) | 3 (43) |  |
 | 13–15 | 84 (86) | 48 (57) | 36 (43) |  |
Final vital parametersb | |||||
RR (breath/min), mean ± SD | 30 ± 8 | 29 ± 8 | 31 ± 8 | 0.27 | |
SpO2 (%), mean ± SD | 95 ± 6 | 96 ± 6 | 94 ± 7 | 0.29 | |
HR (beat/min), mean ± SD | 101 ± 25 | 103 ± 28 | 98 ± 19 | 0.39 | |
SBP (mmHg), mean ± SD | 138 ± 28 | 138 ± 30 | 139 ± 26 | 0.87 | |
DBP (mmHg), mean ± SD | 78 ± 18 | 79 ± 17 | 77 ± 19 | 0.73 | |
GCS score, median (IQR) | 15 (15–15) | 15 (15–15) | 15 (15–15) | 0.48 | |
GCS, n (%) | Â | Â | Â | 0.77 | |
 | 3–8 | 4 (4) | 3 (75) | 1 (25) |  |
 | 9–12 | 7 (7) | 4 (57) | 3 (43) |  |
 | 13–15 | 86 (89) | 49 (57) | 37 (43) |  |
Treatment, n (%) | |||||
Oxygen | 80 (82) | 45 (80) | 35 (85) | 0.52 | |
Intubation | 2 (1.0) | 1 (1.8) | 1 (2.4) | – | |
Drugs | Â | Â | Â | Â | |
 | Salbutamol | 40 (41) | 20 (36) | 20 (49) | 0.22 |
 | Isosorbide dinitrate | 27 (28) | 16 (29) | 11 (27) | 1.00 |
 | Furosemide | 22 (23) | 14 (25) | 8 (20) | 0.63 |
 | Morphine sulfate | 8 (8.2) | 6 (11) | 2 (4.9) | 0.46 |
 | Ipratropium bromide | 5 (5.1) | 5 (8.9) | 0 (0) | 0.07 |
Outcome | |||||
ABG at hospital admission | Â | Â | Â | Â | |
 | pH | 7.33 ± 0.10 | 7.30 ± 0.11 | 7.37 ± 0.07 | 0.0165 |
 | PaO2 (mmHg), mean ± SD | 101 ± 77 | 109 ± 87 | 92 ± 63 | 0.11 |
 | PaCO2 (mmHg), mean ± SD | 45 ± 17 | 47 ± 21 | 43 ± 11 | 0.38 |
 | Lactate (mmol/L), mean ± SD | 2.4 ± 2.0 | 2.8 ± 2.1 | 1.9 ± 1.8 | 0.0254 |
 | Bicarbonates (mmol/L), mean ± SD | 24 ± 5 | 23 ± 6 | 25 ± 4 | 0.06 |
Final diagnosisc, n (%) | Â | Â | Â | Â | |
 | APE | 36 (37) | 20 (36) | 16 (39) | 0.74 |
 | COPD exacerbation | 24 (25) | 12 (21) | 12 (29) | 0.38 |
 | Pneumonia | 32 (33) | 22 (39) | 10 (24) | 0.12 |
ICU admission in the first hour after hospital admission, n (%) | 9 (12) | 8 (22) | 1 (3) | 0.010 | |
Intubation in the first hour after hospital admission, n (%) | 4 (5.4) | 4 (11) | 0 (0) | 0.035 | |
48-hour mortality, n (%) | 8 (8.3) | 6 (11) | 2 (4.9) | 0.30 |