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Table 4 Trial outcomes

From: Randomised controlled trials in pre-hospital trauma: a systematic mapping review

Intervention category

Primary outcome(s)

Measurement

Timing

Proportion included in analysis %

Median (IQR)

Fluid therapy (n = 7)

- Mortality and morbidity (n = 1)

- Survival (n = 1)

- Mortality – patients who died during follow up period (n = 1)

- Morbidity – postal questionnaire; Short Form with 36 items (SF-36) (n = 1)

- Survival (n = 1)

- 28 days after injury (n = 1)

- 6 months after injury (n = 1)

98.6% (68.2 – 99.8)

- Recovery after bran injury (n = 2)

- Glasgow Outcome Score – Extended; 8-point scale (n = 2)

- 6 months after injury (n = 2)

- Incidence of Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) (n = 1)

- Presence of ARDS; based on American-European Consensus Conference on ARDS definition

- 28 days after injury

- Early crystalloid volume (n = 1)

- Defined as crystalloid infused from EMS arrival until end of study period

- 28 days after injury

- Blood pressure (n = 1)

- Systolic blood pressure in mmHg

- Admission to hospital

Analgesia (n = 7)

- Pain (n = 1)

- Pain intensity; verbal rating scale (0 none to 3 severe)

- 40 min after intervention

99.7% (96.3 – 100)

(Based on 6 reporting studies)

- Pain and anxiety (n = 1)

- 100-mm visual analogue scale (VAS) (0 no pain or no anxiety and 100 maximum pain or maximum anxiety)

- Arrival at hospital

- Pain (n = 1)

- Verbal numerical rating (0 no pain to 10 worst pain imaginable)

- Arrival at hospital

- Pain (n = 1)

- Tenderness measured by calibrated callipers in area of 1cm2 at the centre of injured area (marked on patient’s skin), measured between time of injury and 3 h thereafter

- 7 days after injury

- Pain (n = 2)

- Numeric rating scale (pain relief defined as 3 or lower of 10) (n = 2)

- 15 min after intervention (n = 1)

- Arrival at hospital (n = 1)

- Pain (n = 1)

- Presence of pain; Yes or No

- 2 days after injury

Blood product (n = 3)

- Mortality (n = 3)

- Mortality – patients who died during follow up period

- 28 days after injury (n = 1)

- 30 days after injury (n = 2)

93.8% (N/A)

Temperature management (n = 3)

- Recovery after brain injury (n = 1)

- Glasgow Outcome Score – Extended; 8-point scale

- 6 months after injury

100% (N/A)

- Body core temperature, cold discomfort and vital signs (n = 1)

- Temperature; closed ear canal temperature sensor (Smiths Medical, Ltd., UK)

- Cold discomfort; numerical rating scale (0 no cold to 10 unbearable cold), very cold to hot

- Vital signs; routine EMS equipment

- Arrival at hospital

- Improved patient satisfaction and reduced thermal discomfort, pain, and fear (n = 1)

- Satisfaction; rating scale (very good to unacceptable)

- Pain; numerical rating scale (0 no pain to 5 worst imaginable pain)

- Fear; rating scale (no, mild or severe anxiety)

- Arrival at hospital

Airway management/ventilation (n = 2)

- Recovery after brain injury (n = 1)

- Glasgow Outcome Score – Extended; 8-point scale

- 6 months after injury

74.45% (N/A)

- PaCO2 values as a marker of the adequacy of ventilation (n = 1)

- PaCO2 between 35 and 45 mmHg; (i-STAT, Hewlett Packard, Böblingen, Germany)

- Arrival at hospital

Model of care (n = 1)

- Recovery after brain injury (n = 1)

- Glasgow Outcome Score; 5-point scale

- 6 months after injury

95.6%