Quality of focused thoracic ultrasound performed by emergency medical technicians and paramedics in a prehospital setting: a feasibility study

Table 3 Diagnostic accuracy and agreement between the EMS personnel and blinded reviewer (n = 406 ultrasound examinations)

Diagnostic category	Frequency (=n)	Cohen’s kappa	Agreement
Normal^a
	EMS: 345	0.44	OA: 87.7%
	Reviewer: 365		SPA: 93.0%
	Both: 330		SNA: 51.0%
Interstitial syndrome
	EMS: 42	0.26	OA: 89.9%
	Reviewer: 17		SPA: 30.5%
	Both: 9		SNA: 94.6%
Possible pneumothorax
	EMS: 7	0.01	OA: 97.3%
	Reviewer: 4		SPA: 0%
	Both: 0		SNA: 98.6%
Pleural effusion
	EMS: 24	0.69	OA: 96.3%
	Reviewer: 27		SPA: 70.6%
	Both: 18		SNA: 98.0%

Frequency, Cohen’s kappa value, and agreement in percentage. ^aNormal = without interstitial syndrome, signs of pneumothorax, or pleural effusion. OA overall agreement, SPA specific positive agreement, SNA specific negative agreement

ISSN: 1757-7241