Table 1 Baseline Characteristics and pain
Variable | Total n = 267 |
|---|---|
Age in years | |
Mean, ± SD | 33.3 ± 18.2 |
< 20, n (%) | 84 (31.5) |
20–60, n (%) | 163 (61.1) |
≥ 60, n (%) | 20 (7.5) |
Male sex, n (%) | 157 (58.8) |
Pain (NRS) | |
Initial, median (IQR) | 8 (7 to 9) |
After nalbuphine | 5 (4 to 7) |
Missing, n (%) | 19 (7.1) |
Pain reduction (NRS) | |
Median (IQR) | −3 (−4 to −1) |
Clinically relevant pain reduction, n (%) | 145 (58.5) |
Missing, n (%) | 19 (7.1) |
Dose of Nalbuphine | |
5 mg, n (%) | 24 (9.0) |
10 mg, n (%) | 128 (47.9) |
15 mg, n (%) | 35 (13.1) |
20 mg, n (%) | 80 (30.0) |
Location of Trauma | |
Shoulder, n (%) | 63 (23.6) |
Upper arm, n (%) | 22 (8.2) |
Elbow, n (%) | 1 (0.4) |
Forearm or hand, n (%) | 32 (12.0) |
Hip or femur, n (%) | 22 (8.2) |
Knee, n (%) | 32 (12.0) |
Lower leg, n (%) | 39 (14.6) |
Foot, n (%) | 1 (0.4) |
Neck, n (%) | 0 (0.0) |
Back, n (%) | 8 (3.0) |
Thorax or clavicula, n (%) | 18 (6.7) |
Abdomen, n (%) | 1 (0.4) |
Missing, n (%) | 28 (10.5) |
Adverse Events | |
None, n (%) | 252 (94.4) |
Nausea or vomiting, n (%) | 3 (1.1) |
Retching, n (%) | 5 (1.9) |
Nasal discomfort, n (%) | 3 (1.1) |
Major adverse events, n (%) | 0 (0) |
Technical device problem, n (%) | 4 (1.5) |