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Table 2 Cardiac arrest and ICU-characteristics of the study cohort stratified in the 2019 (No-COVID-19) and 2020 (COVID-19) period

From: Effects of COVID-19 on in-hospital cardiac arrest: incidence, causes, and outcome – a retrospective cohort study

Parameters

All patients

(n = 177)

2019 – No-COVID-19

(n = 84)

2020 – COVID-19

(n = 93)

p-value

Cardiac arrest Characteristics

Location of IHCA

   

0.009

  ICU, n (%)

83 (47)

31 (37)

52 (56)

 

  Non-ICU, n (%)

94 (53)

53 (63)

41 (44)

 

Initial rhythm - shockable (VT/VF), n (%)

42 (24)

15 (18)

27 (29)

0.058

Defibrillation, n (%)

50 (28)

17 (20)

33 (35)

0.018

Sustained ROSC, n (%)

142 (80)

65 (77)

77 (83)

0.237

Cardiac re-arrest, n (%)

53 (30)

27 (32)

26 (30)

0.329

Presumed cardiac cause, n (%)

66 (37)

35 (42)

31 (33)

0.161

Epinephrine – total dose, mg, median (IQR)

2 (1–4)

2 (1–4)

2 (1–4)

0.978

Resuscitation time, min; median (IQR)

  No-flow

0 (0–0)

0 (0–0)

0 (0–0)

0.300

  Total resuscitation time

5 (2–17)

4 (1.5–14)

5 (2–20)

0.204

Targeted temperature management, n (%)

56 (32)

27 (32)

29 (31)

0.509

Use of mechanical compression system, n (%)

19 (11)

12 (14)

7 (8)

0.114

E-CPR, n (%)

9 (5)

5 (6)

4 (4)

0.436

ICU – Characteristics

Severity of illness

  SAPS II (pts.) median (IQR)

45 (35–55)

44 (35–56)

47 (35–54)

0.837

  SOFA – after CA (pts.) median (IQR)

12 (9–14)

11 (8–13)

12 (10–14)

0.060

  SOFA – 24 h after CA (pts.) median (IQR)

11 (7–14)

11 (7–14)

11 (8–14)

0.923

Physiological parameters – post CA

  Heart rate – after CA median (IQR)

96 (77–115)

94 (77–110)

96 (77–125)

0.232

  MAP – after CA median (IQR)

73 (63–88)

76 (62–92)

72 (63–82)

0.324

Lab values – post CA median (IQR)

  Lactate – highest after CA, mmol/l

4.5 (1.9–9.1)

4.8 (2–9.1)

4.4 (1.9–8.2)

0.965

  pH – lowest after CA

7.26 (7.07–7.36)

7.26 (7.07–7.34)

7.26 (7.10–7.36)

0.755

Procedures/Complications – post CA

  Mechanical ventilation, n (%)

124 (70)

55 (65)

69 (74)

0.031

  Vasopressor therapy, n (%)

120 (68)

49 (58)

71 (76)

0.025

  Renal replacement therapy, n (%)

26 (15)

11 (13)

15 (16)

0.243

  Coronary angiography, n (%)

21 (12)

14 (17)

7 (8)

0.050

  Hypoxic liver injury, n (%)

35 (20)

16 (19)

19 (20)

0.484

  Cholestasis – bilirubin > 2 mg/dl, n (%)

45 (25)

22 (26)

23 (25)

0.480

  1. Abbreviations: CA Cardiac arrest; E-CPR Extracorporeal cardiopulmonary resuscitation; ICU Intensive care unit; IQR Inter quartile range; n Number; min Minute; mg Milligram; mmol/l Millimole per liter; pts. Points; ROSC Return of spontaneous circulation; SAPS Simplified Acute Physiology Score; SOFA Sequential Organ Failure Assessment; VF Ventricular Fibrillation; VT Ventricular Tachycardia; MAP Mean arterial pressure; COVID-19 Coronavirus disease 2019; IHCA In-hospital cardiac arrest