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Table 1 Characteristics of the patients before and after propensity score matching (All variables)

From: Physician-led prehospital management is associated with reduced mortality in severe blunt trauma patients: a retrospective analysis of the Japanese nationwide trauma registry

Variables

Overall study cohort

Propensity score–matched cohort

Physician-led group

(n = 2976)

Paramedic-led group

(n = 27,575)

ASMD

Physician-led group

(n = 2690)

Paramedic-led group

(n = 10,760)

ASMD

Age, years, median (IQR)

62 (42, 74)

63 (43, 75)

0.011

62 (41, 74)

62 (43, 75)

0.024

Females, n (%)

855 (28.7)

8091 (29.3)

0.013

760 (28.3)

3167 (29.4)

0.026

Year of injury, n (%)

  

0.136

  

0.087

 2009–2013

1089 (36.6)

10.768 (39.0)

 

1086 (40.4)

4081 (37.9)

 

 2014–2019

1887 (63.4)

16,807 (61.0)

 

1604 (59.6)

6679 (62.1)

 

Time of injury, n (%)

  

0.332

  

0.008

 Daytime

2285 (76.8)

17,019 (61.7)

 

2017 (75.0)

8074 (75.0)

 

 Nighttime

691 (23.2)

10,556 (38.3)

 

673 (25.0)

2686 (25.0)

 

Mechanism of injury, n (%)

  

0.357

  

0.041

 Traffic accident

1662 (55.8)

14,285 (51.8)

 

1482 (55.1)

5948 (55.3)

 

 Fall from height

522 (17.5)

3475 (12.6)

 

455 (16.9)

1852 (17.2)

 

 Fall (others)

552 (18.5)

8344 (30.3)

 

541 (20.1)

2180 (20.3)

 

 Others

240 (8.1)

1471 (5.3)

 

212 (7.9)

780 (7.2)

 

Vital signs at the scene of injury, median (IQR)

 Systolic blood pressure, mmHg

132 (110, 159)

135 (112, 160)

0.056

134 (113, 156)

134 (112, 158)

0.032

 Heart ratea, beats/min

84 (72, 100)

84 (72, 98)

0.071

84 (70, 100)

84 (72, 100)

0.012

 Respiratory rate, breaths/min

24 (19, 28)

20 (18, 24)

0.167

21 (18, 26)

21 (18, 26)

< 0.001

Japan Coma Scale at the scene of injury, n (%)

  

0.226

  

0.020

 0 (alert)

774 (26.0)

7855 (28.5)

 

721 (26.8)

2898 (26.9)

 

 300 (deep coma)

374 (12.6)

2484 (9.0)

 

303 (11.3)

1263 (1.7)

 

The highest score of AIS, median (IQR)

 Heada

3 (0, 4)

3 (0, 4)

0.007

3 (0, 4)

3 (0, 4)

0.017

 Facea

0 (0, 0)

0 (0, 0)

0.044

0 (0, 0)

0 (0, 0)

0.026

 Necka

0 (0, 0)

0 (0, 0)

0.014

0 (0, 0)

0 (0, 0)

0.036

 Chesta

3 (0, 4)

0 (0, 3)

0.251

3 (0, 4)

2 (0, 4)

0.048

 Abdomena

0 (0, 0)

0 (0, 0)

0.12

0 (0, 0)

0 (0, 0)

0.017

 Spinea

0 (0, 2)

0 (0, 2)

0.027

0 (0, 2)

0 (0, 2)

0.005

 Upper extremitiesa

0 (0, 2)

0 (0, 1)

0.124

0 (0, 2)

0 (0, 2)

0.036

 Pelvis and lower extremitiesa

0 (0, 2)

0 (0, 2)

0.166

0 (0, 2)

0 (0, 2)

0.044

 Surfacea

0 (0, 0)

0 (0, 0)

0.02

0 (0, 0)

0 (0, 0)

< 0.001

ISS, median (IQR)

25 (18, 33)

21 (17, 27)

0.279

24 (17, 30)

24 (17, 29)

0.007

Prehospital time-course, min, median (IQR)

 Injury to physician contacta

40 (30, 55)

46 (35, 61)

0.331

39 (29, 53)

53 (39, 72)

0.719

 Injury to ED arrival

56 (42, 73)

44 (34, 58)

0.477

54 (41, 68)

50 (38, 70)

0.006

Transporter, n (%)

  

1.741

  

1.478

 Air ambulancea

971 (32.6)

1430 (5.2)

 

829 (30.8)

1078 (10.0)

 

 Ground ambulancea

2005 (67.4)

26,113 (94.7)

 

1861 (69.2)

9667 (89.8)

 

 Othersa

0 (0)

32 (0.1)

 

0 (0)

15 (0.1)

 

Intubation in the prehospital settingsa, n (%)

248 (8.4)

250 (0.9)

0.361

199 (7.5)

192 (1.8)

0.271

  1. Abbreviations: ASMD Absolute standardized mean difference, IQR Interquartile range, AIS Abbreviated injury scale, ISS Injury severity score, ED Emergency department
  2. aThese variables were not included in the model for propensity score estimation