Variables | Overall study cohort | Propensity score–matched cohort | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Physician-led group (n = 2976) | Paramedic-led group (n = 27,575) | ASMD | Physician-led group (n = 2690) | Paramedic-led group (n = 10,760) | ASMD | |
Age, years, median (IQR) | 62 (42, 74) | 63 (43, 75) | 0.011 | 62 (41, 74) | 62 (43, 75) | 0.024 |
Females, n (%) | 855 (28.7) | 8091 (29.3) | 0.013 | 760 (28.3) | 3167 (29.4) | 0.026 |
Year of injury, n (%) | 0.136 | 0.087 | ||||
2009–2013 | 1089 (36.6) | 10.768 (39.0) | 1086 (40.4) | 4081 (37.9) | ||
2014–2019 | 1887 (63.4) | 16,807 (61.0) | 1604 (59.6) | 6679 (62.1) | ||
Time of injury, n (%) | 0.332 | 0.008 | ||||
Daytime | 2285 (76.8) | 17,019 (61.7) | 2017 (75.0) | 8074 (75.0) | ||
Nighttime | 691 (23.2) | 10,556 (38.3) | 673 (25.0) | 2686 (25.0) | ||
Mechanism of injury, n (%) | 0.357 | 0.041 | ||||
Traffic accident | 1662 (55.8) | 14,285 (51.8) | 1482 (55.1) | 5948 (55.3) | ||
Fall from height | 522 (17.5) | 3475 (12.6) | 455 (16.9) | 1852 (17.2) | ||
Fall (others) | 552 (18.5) | 8344 (30.3) | 541 (20.1) | 2180 (20.3) | ||
Others | 240 (8.1) | 1471 (5.3) | 212 (7.9) | 780 (7.2) | ||
Vital signs at the scene of injury, median (IQR) | ||||||
Systolic blood pressure, mmHg | 132 (110, 159) | 135 (112, 160) | 0.056 | 134 (113, 156) | 134 (112, 158) | 0.032 |
Heart ratea, beats/min | 84 (72, 100) | 84 (72, 98) | 0.071 | 84 (70, 100) | 84 (72, 100) | 0.012 |
Respiratory rate, breaths/min | 24 (19, 28) | 20 (18, 24) | 0.167 | 21 (18, 26) | 21 (18, 26) | < 0.001 |
Japan Coma Scale at the scene of injury, n (%) | 0.226 | 0.020 | ||||
0 (alert) | 774 (26.0) | 7855 (28.5) | 721 (26.8) | 2898 (26.9) | ||
300 (deep coma) | 374 (12.6) | 2484 (9.0) | 303 (11.3) | 1263 (1.7) | ||
The highest score of AIS, median (IQR) | ||||||
Heada | 3 (0, 4) | 3 (0, 4) | 0.007 | 3 (0, 4) | 3 (0, 4) | 0.017 |
Facea | 0 (0, 0) | 0 (0, 0) | 0.044 | 0 (0, 0) | 0 (0, 0) | 0.026 |
Necka | 0 (0, 0) | 0 (0, 0) | 0.014 | 0 (0, 0) | 0 (0, 0) | 0.036 |
Chesta | 3 (0, 4) | 0 (0, 3) | 0.251 | 3 (0, 4) | 2 (0, 4) | 0.048 |
Abdomena | 0 (0, 0) | 0 (0, 0) | 0.12 | 0 (0, 0) | 0 (0, 0) | 0.017 |
Spinea | 0 (0, 2) | 0 (0, 2) | 0.027 | 0 (0, 2) | 0 (0, 2) | 0.005 |
Upper extremitiesa | 0 (0, 2) | 0 (0, 1) | 0.124 | 0 (0, 2) | 0 (0, 2) | 0.036 |
Pelvis and lower extremitiesa | 0 (0, 2) | 0 (0, 2) | 0.166 | 0 (0, 2) | 0 (0, 2) | 0.044 |
Surfacea | 0 (0, 0) | 0 (0, 0) | 0.02 | 0 (0, 0) | 0 (0, 0) | < 0.001 |
ISS, median (IQR) | 25 (18, 33) | 21 (17, 27) | 0.279 | 24 (17, 30) | 24 (17, 29) | 0.007 |
Prehospital time-course, min, median (IQR) | ||||||
Injury to physician contacta | 40 (30, 55) | 46 (35, 61) | 0.331 | 39 (29, 53) | 53 (39, 72) | 0.719 |
Injury to ED arrival | 56 (42, 73) | 44 (34, 58) | 0.477 | 54 (41, 68) | 50 (38, 70) | 0.006 |
Transporter, n (%) | 1.741 | 1.478 | ||||
Air ambulancea | 971 (32.6) | 1430 (5.2) | 829 (30.8) | 1078 (10.0) | ||
Ground ambulancea | 2005 (67.4) | 26,113 (94.7) | 1861 (69.2) | 9667 (89.8) | ||
Othersa | 0 (0) | 32 (0.1) | 0 (0) | 15 (0.1) | ||
Intubation in the prehospital settingsa, n (%) | 248 (8.4) | 250 (0.9) | 0.361 | 199 (7.5) | 192 (1.8) | 0.271 |