Table 3 Baseline characteristics and outcomes, treatment with vs. without ICP monitoring
Variables | Overall n = 427 | ICP (+) group n = 192 | ICP (−) group n = 235 | P value | Missing data |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Age, years, median [IQR] | 65 [46, 77] | 65 [45, 76] | 66 [50, 79] | 0.173 | 0 |
Male sex, n (%) | 282 (66) | 121 (63) | 161 (69) | 0.259 | 0 |
Prescribing anticoagulant drugs, n (%) | 19 (4.4) | 7 (3.6) | 12 (5.1) | 0.492 | 0 |
Prescribing antiplatelet dugs, n (%) | 36 (8.4) | 17 (8.9) | 19 (8.1) | 0.861 | 0 |
Glasgow Coma Scale score, median [IQR] | 0 | ||||
Overall score | 6 [3, 7] | 6 [3, 7] | 6 [3, 7] | 0.566 | |
Motor score | 3 [1, 4] | 3 [1, 4] | 4 [1, 4.] | 0.614 | |
Pupillary reflex, n (%) | 0.002 | 0 | |||
None | 110 (26) | 39 (20) | 71 (30) | ||
One | 91 (21) | 55 (29) | 36 (15) | ||
Both | 226 (53) | 98 (51) | 128 (55) | ||
Hypotension, n (%) | 60 (14) | 16 (8) | 44 (19) | 0.002 | 0 |
Body temperature, °C, median [IQR] | 36.2 [35.8, 36.8] | 36.2 [35.8, 36.8] | 36.2 [35.8, 36.8] | 0.876 | 34 |
Marshall CT classification, n (%) | 0.001 | 0 | |||
diffuse injury I | 9 (2.1) | 2 (1.0) | 7 (3.0) | ||
diffuse injury II | 96 (22.5) | 29 (15.1) | 67 (28.5) | ||
diffuse injury III | 48 (11.2) | 24 (12.5) | 24 (10.2) | ||
diffuse injury IV | 11 (2.6) | 5 (2.6) | 6 (2.6) | ||
evacuated mass | 175 (41.0) | 98 (51.0) | 77 (32.8) | ||
non-evacuated mass | 88 (20.6) | 34 (17.7) | 54 (23.0) | ||
Injury Severity Score, median [IQR] | 25 [25, 35] | 26 [25, 34] | 25 [22, 37] | 0.441 | 0 |
Isolated traumatic brain injury, n (%) | 173 (41) | 77 (40) | 96 (41) | 0.921 | 0 |
Cause of injury, n (%) | 0.703 | 2 | |||
Motor vehicle | 27 (6.3) | 12 (6.3) | 15 (6.4) | ||
Motorcycle | 53 (12.4) | 25 (13.1) | 28 (12.0) | ||
Bicycle | 34 (8.0) | 42 (22.0) | 48 (20.5) | ||
Pedestrian | 90 (21.1) | 17 (8.9) | 17 (7.3) | ||
High-level fall | 115 (27.0) | 54 (28.3) | 61 (26.1) | ||
Ground-level fall | 79 (18.5) | 28 (14.7) | 51 (21.8) | ||
Others | 18 (4.2) | 13 (6.8) | 14 (6.0) | ||
Treatment at university hospitals, n (%) | 257 (60) | 146 (76.0) | 111 (47.2) | < 0.001 | 0 |
GOS at 6 months after injury, n (%) | 0.001 | 0 | |||
Good recovery | 75 (17.6) | 28 (14.6) | 47 (20.0) | ||
Moderate disability | 62 (14.5) | 36 8 (18.8) | 26 (11.1) | ||
Severe disability | 40 (9.4) | 21 (10.9) | 19 (8.1) | ||
Vegetable state | 41 (9.6) | 27 (14.1) | 14 (6.0) | ||
Death | 209 (48.9) | 80 (41.7) | 129 (54.9) | ||
Favorable outcome at 6 months after injury, n (%) | 137 (32) | 64 (33) | 73 (31) | 0.677 | 0 |