Table 1 Baseline characteristics and outcomes, Treatment at the hospitals with high ICP monitoring utilization vs. low utilization
Variables | Overall n = 427 | High group n = 60 | Low group n = 367 | P value | Missing data |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Age, years, median [IQR] | 65 [46, 77] | 65 [43, 78] | 66 [47, 77] | 0.755 | 0 |
Male sex, n (%) | 282 (66) | 36 (60) | 246 (67) | 0.305 | 0 |
Prescribing anticoagulant drugs, n (%) | 19 (4.4) | 2 (3.3) | 17 (4.6) | 1 | 0 |
Prescribing antiplatelet drugs, n (%) | 36 (8.4) | 7 (11.7) | 29 (7.9) | 0.319 | 0 |
Glasgow Coma Scale score, median [IQR] | 0 | ||||
Overall score | 6 [3, 7] | 6 [3, 7] | 6 [3, 7] | 0.305 | |
Motor score | 3 [1, 4] | 4 [1, 5] | 3 [1, 4] | 0.288 | |
Pupillary reflex, n (%) | 0.334 | 0 | |||
None | 110 (26) | 13 (22) | 97 (26) | ||
One | 91 (21) | 17 (28) | 74 (20) | ||
Both | 226 (53) | 30 (50) | 196 (53) | ||
Hypotension, n (%) | 60 (14) | 7 (12) | 53 (14) | 0.69 | 0 |
Body temperature, °C, median [IQR] | 36.2 [35.8, 36.8] | 36.2 [35.9, 36.9] | 36.2 [35.8, 36.8] | 0.367 | 34 |
Marshall CT classification, n (%) | 0.002 | 0 | |||
diffuse injury I | 9 (2.1) | 1 (1.7) | 8 (2.2) | ||
diffuse injury II | 96 (22.5) | 12 (20.0) | 84 (22.9) | ||
diffuse injury III | 48 (11.2) | 3 (5.0) | 45 (12.3) | ||
diffuse injury IV | 11 (2.6) | 2 (3.3) | 9 (2.5) | ||
evacuated mass | 175 (41.0) | 38 (63.3) | 137 (37.3) | ||
non-evacuated mass | 88 (20.6) | 4 (6.7) | 84 (22.9) | ||
Injury Severity Score, median [IQR] | 25 [25, 35] | 25 [18, 29] | 25 [18, 29] | 0.045 | 0 |
Isolated traumatic brain injury, n (%) | 173 (41) | 28 (47) | 145 (40) | 0.322 | 0 |
Cause of injury, n (%) | 0.344 | 2 | |||
Motor vehicle | 27 (6.3) | 26 (7.1) | 1 (1.7) | ||
Motorcycle | 53 (12.4) | 45 (12.3) | 8 (13.6) | ||
Bicycle | 34 (8.0) | 28 (7.7) | 6 (10.2) | ||
Pedestrian | 90 (21.1) | 82 (22.4) | 8 (13.6) | ||
High-level fall | 115 (27.0) | 95 (26.0) | 20 (33.9) | ||
Ground-level fall | 79 (18.5) | 68 (18.6) | 11 (18.6) | ||
Others | 18 (4.2) | 22 (6.0) | 5 (8.5) | ||
Treatment with ICP monitoring, n (%) | 192 (45) | 55 (92) | 137 (37) | < 0.001 | 0 |
Treatment at university hospitals, n (%) | 257 (60) | 45 (75) | 212 (58) | 0.015 | 0 |
GOS at 6 months after injury, n (%) | 0.074 | 0 | |||
Good recovery | 75 (17.6) | 12 (20.0) | 63 (17.2) | ||
Moderate disability | 62 (14.5) | 15 (25.0) | 47 (12.8) | ||
Severe disability | 40 (9.4) | 7 (11.7) | 33 (9.0) | ||
Vegetable state | 41 (9.6) | 4 (6.7) | 37 (10.1) | ||
Death | 209 (48.9) | 22 (36.7) | 187 (51.0) | ||
Favorable outcome at 6 months after injury, n (%) | 137 (32) | 27 (45) | 110 (30) | 0.025 | 0 |