Fig. 1

Selection of demographic and clinical features using the least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) logistic regression model. a. Optimal parameter (lambda) selection in the LASSO model used fivefold cross-validation via minimum criteria. The partial likelihood deviance (binomial deviance) curve was plotted versus log (lambda). Dotted vertical lines were drawn at the optimal values by using the minimum criteria and the 1 standard error of the minimum criteria (the 1-SE criteria). b. Selection of optimal parameters (lambda) from the LASSO model using five-fold cross-validation and minimum criteria