Table 6 Advanced Nursing Role interventions and intervention characteristics

Nurse Practitioner

An ED Nurse practitioner in an independent practitioner whose knowledge and skills allow them to make assess, diagnose, treat, prescribe and refer patients to other health specialties [17, 63, 64]. Nurse practitioners may be required to be covered by their own malpractice insurance and own license [63]. Nurse practitioner practice, and therefore interventions, vary considerably [18]. Nurse practitioners generally manage patients presenting with minor injuries or illnesses [18, 67].

Clinical Nurse Specialist

Clinical Nurse Specialists are midlevel practitioners who are certified in a speciality [65]

Certified Registered Nurse Anaesthetists

Certified Registered Nurse Anaesthetists are midlevel practitioners with qualification and accreditation to administer anaesthesia [65]

Clinical Initiatives Nurse

Clinical Initiative Nursing roles provide as early as possible, assessment, initiation of diagnostics, and implementation of management strategies for patients with a range of conditions in ED waiting rooms, prior to being seen by a medical officer [68]. The CIN role in ED supports triage nurses and utilises advanced nursing practices such as nurse-initiated activities (e.g., analgesia, and x-rays [17];).