Table 2 Individual Competencies identified categorised by Country or Jurisdiction

UK (Fullerton et al., 2009, Shapey et al., 2012, McQueen et al., 2013, McQueen et al., 2015a, von Vopelius-Feldt and Benger, 2014, Smith et al., 2019)

• ACLS

• Amputation (no instance of practice recorded)

• Chest drain

• Cricothyroidotomy

• Epi admin

• ETI in cardiac arrest

• External jugular access

• External pacing

• Fascia iliaca block

• IO access

• IV Etomidate

• IV Ketamine administration

• IV Propofol

• IV Suxamethonium

• Management of paralysed patient

• Mag sulphate in cardiac arrest

• Needle chest decompression

• Peri-mortem Caesarean section

• Procedural sedation

• Fluid resuscitation

• Rocuronium intravenous

• RSI

• Surgical airway

• Thoracostomy

• Thoracotomy

• Torsades de pointes arrythmia

• Venous cut-down

• Wave form capnography

• Large joint reduction

Victoria, Australia (Heschl et al., 2018b, Andrew et al., 2015, Heschl et al., 2018, Meadley et al., 2016)

• Advanced analgesia

• Blood-gas analysis

• Blood transfusion

• Comprehensive analgesia options including opiods and ketamine

• Cricothyroidotomy

• Paediatric RSI with suspected TBI

• RSI – adult and paediatric

• Thoracostomy

• Transfusion of Red Cell Concentrates

• Vasoactive medication admin

• IO access

United States(Sperry et al., 2018, Kashyap et al., 2016, Polites et al., 2017)

• Airway management

• ATLS

• IV fentanyl and morphine administration

• IV fluid administration

• Inter-hospital transfer of unstable medical patients Plasma transfusion

• Spinal immobilisation

• Ventilation

• Transportation of severe trauma patients

Germany (Eich et al., 2009)

• Analgesia/Sedation

• Catecholamine administration

• Chest tube and drain– paediatric and adult

• CPR

• Defibrillation– paediatric and adult

• IO access– paediatric and adult

• Intubation – paediatric and adult

• Volume administration

Denmark (Rognås et al., 2013)

• Drug-assisted airway management (non RSI)

• RSI intubation

• Nasopharyngeal airway

• Surgical airway

New South Wales(Burns et al., 2017, Garner et al., 2016)

• Analgesia/procedural sedation

• Direct screening of emergency calls to identify appropriate (paediatric) response

• Regional anaesthesia/nerve block

• RSI and intubation – adult and paediatric

• Surgical airway

Adult EZ-intraosseous access

• Blood transfusion

• Orthopaedic manipulation of joint/limb

• Use of ultrasound (diagnostic/procedural)

• Hypertonic saline administration

• Thoracostomy/chest drain

Norway(Bjornsen et al., 2018, Johnsen et al., 2017)

• ACLS

• Anti-arrythmic therapy

• Arterial line insertion

• BMV adult/paediatric

• Chest tube placement and drainage

• Central venous catheter insertion

• Dislocated joint reposition

• ETI adult/paediatric

• Fracture reposition

• Gastric tube insertion

• Incubator transport

• Inhalation therapy

• Invasive and non-invasive ventilation

• IV/IO access

• Major incident management

• Reduction and immobilisation of fractures

• RSI

• Umbilical cord catheterisation

*The Netherlands (van Schuppen and Bierens, 2015, van Schuppen and Bierens, 2011, Ketelaars et al., 2018, Gerritse et al., 2010, Franschman et al., 2012)

• Analgesia/Sedation

• Catecholamine administration

• Chest tube

• CPR

• Drug-assisted and non-drug-assisted ETI

• Echocardiography

• Extrication techniques

• Intubation

• RSI intubation

• Volume administration

Diagnostic competencies

• Cold diuresis

• Diaphragm rupture

• Hypocalcaemia

• Hypomagnesemia

• Kidney failure

• Malignant hyperthermia

• Tracheobronchial injury

Therapeutic competencies

• Amputation

• Atracurium

• Blood transfusion

• Caesarean section

• Calciumchlorid Cefuroxime

• Chest tube

• Cricothyrotomy (surgical

• Dopamine

• Ephedrine

• Escharotomy

• Etomidate

• Fascia iliaca compartment block

• Flumazenil

• Gum elastic bougie

• Hydrocortisone

• Hydroxycobalamine

• HyperHaes®

• Incision

• Insulin

• Intravenous access, central

• Jet ventilation

• Lidocaine

• Laryngeal Mask Airway (LMA®)

• Magnesium

• Mannitol

• Nasopharyngeal airway

• Noradrenaline

• Pericardiocentesis

• Potassium

• Procainamide Propofol

• Push foreign object from trachea into bronchus

• Rocuronium

• Ropivacaine

• Succinylcholine

• Sufentanil

• Supraglottic airway

• Suturing

• Thoracotomy

• Tracheotomy

• Trachlight

• Thrombolysis

• Venesection

Clinical judgment competencies

• Advance endotracheal tube in case of bronchus rupture

• Cardiopulmonary bypass in hypothermia

• Dialysis in hyperkalemia

• Induction with s-ketamine in asthma/COPD

• Intravenous lidocaine administration before endotracheal intubation in possible intracranial hypertension

• Intubation and ventilation in pneumonia

• Magnesium in bronchial asthma/COPD

• Push foreign object in further in bronchus

• Resuscitation in hypothermia is beneficial

• Supraglottic airway in “cannot intubate, cannot ventilate” situation

• Thrombolysis in pulmonary embolus