Table 2 Distribution (%) of the spontaneous trigger words and their association with confirmed cardiac arrests
True cardiac arrest | Non-cardiac arrest | OR (95% CI) | |
|---|---|---|---|
Trigger words | n = 51 | n = 29 | |
Dead or is dying | 16 | 10 | 1.61 (0.39–6.63) |
Altered level of consciousness | |||
Unconscious | 20 | 31 | 0.54 (0.19–1.55) |
Unable to wake | 8 | 7 | 1.15 (0.20–6.69) |
Nonresponsive | 12 | 3 | 3.73 (0.43–32.7) |
Impaired | 4 | 0 | NA |
Unable to speak | 2 | 7 | 0.27 (0.02–3.12) |
Unclassified consciousness | 4 | 7 | 0.55 (0.07–4.14) |
Breathing | |||
Is breathing | 12 | 17 | 0.42 (0.12–1.51) |
Not breathing | 18 | 3 | 6.00 (0.72–50.0) |
Laboured | 12 | 3 | 3.73 (0.43–32.7) |
Heavily | 0 | 3 | NA |
Irregularly | 6 | 10 | 0.54 (0.10–2.88) |
Is gasping for breath | 12 | 7 | 1.80 (0.34–9.56) |
A deep breath | 2 | 3 | 0.56 (0.03–9.30) |
Is snoring | 2 | 21 | 0.08 (0.009–0.67) |
Is wheezing | 33 | 17 | 2.40 (0.78–7.40) |
Unclassified breathing | 29 | 14 | 2.60 (0.77–8.78) |
Circulation | |||
No pulse | 4 | 3 | 1.14 (0.10–13.2) |
Pale | 14 | 3 | 4.46 (0.52–38.2) |
Red | 0 | 1 | NA |
Blue | 18 | 3 | 6.00 (0.72–50.0) |
Cold | 10 | 7 | 1.47 (0.27–8.09) |
Clammy | 8 | 10 | 0.74 (0.15–3.55) |
Is bleeding or there is blood | 4 | 7 | 0.55 (0.07–4.14) |
Heart pain | 6 | 0 | NA |
Disability | |||
Is convulsing | 4 | 14 | 0.26 (0.04–1.49) |
Limp | 12 | 10 | 1.16 (0.27–5.01) |
Incontinent | 10 | 3 | 3.04 (0.34–27.4) |
Eyes or gaze | 20 | 14 | 1.52 (0.43–5.38) |
Mouth open | 12 | 3 | 3.73 (0.43–32.7) |
Something from mouth | 6 | 14 | 0.39 (0.08–1.88) |
Is moving | 8 | 0 | NA |
History of present illness | |||
Collapsed or fallen down | 24 | 7 | 4.15 (0.86–20.1) |
Seizure | 27 | 31 | 0.84 (0.31–2.28) |
Taken something | 4 | 10 | 0.35 (0.06–2.25) |
Unclassified | 2 | 24 | 0.06 (0.007–0.54) |