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Table 4 The Biffl injury grading scale for BCVI

From: Best practice guidelines for blunt cerebrovascular injury (BCVI)

Biffl injury grade

Angiograhic characteristics

I

Luminal irregularity or dissection with < 25% luminal narrowing

II

Dissection or intramural hematoma with ≥25% luminal narrowing

III

Pseudoaneurysm

IV

Occlusion

V

Transection with free extravasation

  1. From Biffl et al.: Blunt carotid arterial injuries: implications of a new grading scale (Biffl et al. 1999)
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Scandinavian Journal of Trauma, Resuscitation and Emergency Medicine

ISSN: 1757-7241