Table 4 Absolute and relative indications for advanced airway management

Absolute indication

 Apnea or agonal respiration

 Traumatic brain injury (TBI) with insufficient ventilation or oxygenation despite high flow O₂

 Severe (chest) trauma patient with insufficient ventilation or oxygenation despite high flow O₂

 Cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) with mechanical chest compression devices, e.g., due to a hypothermic arrest (after an avalanche accident, a fall into a crevasse, or extreme physical exhaustion) [23]

Relative indication

 GCS < 9 with preserved oxygenation