Table 3 Patients Characteristics and Outcome of the Development Patients and the Validation Patients
Development Patients (n = 1643) n (%) | Validation Patients (n = 676) n (%) | P value | |
|---|---|---|---|
N | 1643 | 676 | |
Age (yrs) (mean ± SD) | 47.84 ± 16.03 | 48.07 ± 15.95 | 0.042 |
Sex | |||
Male | 1253 (76.3) | 509 (75.3) | 0.620 |
Female | 390 (23.7) | 167 (24.7) | |
Mechanism of injury | |||
Motor vehicle accident | 970 (59.0) | 379 (56.1) | 0.233 |
Fall | 215 (13.1) | 109 (16.1) | |
Stumble | 268 (16.3) | 120 (17.8) | |
Blow to head | 127 (7.7) | 47 (7.0) | |
Others | 63 (3.8) | 21 (3.1) | |
Pupillary reactions | |||
Both reacting | 1413 (86.0) | 612 (90.5) | 0.011 |
One reacting | 169 (10.3) | 45 (6.7) | |
None reacting | 61 (3.7) | 19 (2.8) | |
Type of injury | |||
SDH | 443 (27.0) | 205 (30.3) | 0.101 |
EDH | 468 (28.5) | 172 (25.4) | 0.137 |
IPH | 1076 (65.5) | 495 (73.2) | <0.001 |
tSAH | 811 (49.4) | 426 (63.0) | <0.001 |
DAI | 61 (3.7) | 13 (1.9) | 0.026 |
Skull fracture | 280 (17.0) | 183 (27.1) | <0.001 |
Injury severity | |||
GCS 3–8 | 486 (29.6) | 176 (26.0) | 0.180 |
GCS 9–12 | 388 (23.6) | 159 (23.5) | |
GCS 13–15 | 769 (46.8) | 341 (50.4) | |
INR | 1.05 (1.00–1.11) | 1.05 (1.00–1.12) | 0.012 |
INR > 1.25 | 97 (5.9) | 37 (5.5) | 0.686 |
PT(s) | 11.4 (10.9–12.1) | 11.5 (10.9–12.3) | <0.001 |
PT > 14 s | 152 (9.3) | 35 (5.2) | 0.001 |
APTT(s) | 24.1 (21.4–26.7) | 24.4 (21.9–27.9) | 0.05 |
APTT > 36 s | 98 (6.0) | 33 (4.9) | 0.305 |
FIB(g/L) | 2.3 (1.7–3.2) | 2.3 (1.7–3.1) | 0.638 |
FIB < 1.5 g/L | 247 (15.0) | 107 (15.8) | 0.629 |
D-dimer (mg/L) | 5.005 (2.240–13.810) | 3.230 (1.240–11.540) | <0.001 |
D-dimer <1 mg/L | 729 (44.4) | 202 (29.9) | <0.001 |
D-dimer 1–5 mg/L | 641 (39.0) | 234 (34.6) | |
D-dimer >5 mg/L | 273 (16.6) | 240 (35.5) | |
PLT(×109/L) | 177 (139–215) | 171 (137–213) | 0.999 |
PLT < 100 × 109/L | 189 (11.5) | 58 (8.6) | 0.038 |
Coagulopathy | 331 (20.1) | 101 (14.9) | 0.003 |
Hb(g/L) | 130 (112–144) | 131 (115–144) | 0.023 |
HCT(%) | 38.6 (33.6–42.3) | 38.5 (34.4–41.8) | 0.003 |
Glucose(mmol/L) | 7.4 (6.2–8.6) | 7.2 (6.3–8.6) | 0.001 |
ICP monitoring | 509 (31.0) | 251 (37.1) | 0.004 |
Craniectomy | 406 (24.7) | 134 (19.8) | 0.011 |
Mortality | 128 (7.8) | 46 (6.8) | 0.413 |
LOS | 11 (7–17) | 11 (7–18) | <0.001 |