Table 1 Characteristics of the whole study population and according to their coagulation status on admission. Normal coagulation status was defined by a laboratory INR (lab-INR) < 1.2, moderate trauma-induced coagulopathy (TIC) by 1.2 ≤ lab-INR <1.5, and severe TIC by a lab-INR ≥ 1.5
Variables | Lab-INR < 1.2 n = 46 patients | Lab-INR [1.2–1.5] n = 35 patients | Lab-INR ≥ 1.5 n = 17 patients | Total population N = 98 patients |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Age, years | 42 [30–55] | 41 [22–55] | 44 [35–48] | 42 [27–55] |
Male, n (%) | 41(89) | 34 (97) | 17 (100) | 92 |
Blunt trauma, n (%) | 40 (87) | 33 (94) | 13 (76) | 86 |
Patients with pre-hospital fluid therapy > 20 ml/kg, n (%) | 24 (52) | 18 (51) | 11 (65) | 53 |
Patients with pre-hospital RBC transfusion, n (%) | 1 (2) | 2 (6) | 3 (18) | 6 |
Patients with pre-hospital mechanical ventilation, n (%) | 10 (22) | 17 (49) | 11 (65) | 38 |
First recorded pre-hospital pulse oximetry (SpO2), % | 96 [92–98] | 94 [87–97] | 48 [0–96] | 96 [89–98] |
Patients with first recorded SpO2 ≤ 92%, n (%) | 9 (20) | 10 (29) | 3 (18) | 22 |
Vital variables on admission | ||||
Heart rate, Beats/min | 80 [70–105] | 93 [70–110] | 95 [75–100] | 89 [10–105] |
Systolic arterial blood pressure, mmHg | 120 [110–140] | 120 [110–135] | 90 [75–110] | 120 [103–140] |
SBP ≤ 90 mmHg, n (%) | 4 (9) | 4 (11) | 11 (65) | 19 |
Glasgow Coma Scale before sedation | 15 [12–15] | 11 [6–15] | 3 [3–14] | 14 [6–15] |
Patients with GCS < 13, n (%) | 12 (26) | 18 (51) | 10 (59) | 40 |
Patients treated with tranexamic acid, n (%) | 12 | 8 | 12 | 32 |
Patients with vasopressor on admission, n (%) | 20 (43) | 18 (51) | 16 (94) | 54 |
Positive Focused Assessment Sonography for Trauma, n (%) | 12 (26) | 15 (43) | 10 (59) | 37 |
POC INR on admission | 1.0 [1.0–1.1] | 1.1 [1.1–1.2] | 1.3 [1.2–1.4] | 1.1 [1.0–1.2] |
Laboratory coagulation variables on admission | ||||
Prothrombin time (PT), % | 92 [87–100] | 72 [70–77] | 45 [40–53] | 79 [70–92] |
INR | 1.1 [1.0–1.1] | 1.2 [1.2–1.3] | 1.8 [1.6–2.0] | 1.2 [1.1–1.3] |
Activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT), sec | 28.8 [27.2–31.4] | 30.8 [29.8–33.7] | 50.5 [37.1–57.5] | 30.8 [28.6–35.4] |
Fibrinogen concentration, g/L | 2.7 [2.4–3.0] | 2.2 [2.0–2.6] | 1.4 [1.0–1.6] | 2.3 [2–2.8] |
Serum lactate concentration on admission, g/L | 1.7 [1.0–2.7] | 2.0 [1.3–3.7] | 5.7 [3.5–9.1] | 2.2 [1.4–4.3] |
Patients with RBC transfusion within 24 h, n (%) | 3 (7) | 5 (14) | 12 (71) | 20 |
Patients with FFP transfusion within 24 h, n (%) | 1 (2) | 3 (9) | 11 (65) | 15 |
Injury Severity Score (ISS) | 25 [14–29] | 25 [13–38] | 34 [25–43] | 25 [16–34] |
Sequential organ failure assessment (SOFA) at day 1 | 3 [0–5] | 5 [0–7] | 8 [5–10] | 4 [0–7] |
Length of stay in ICU. days | 5 [2–10] | 8 [3–14] | 1 [1–10] | 5 [1–12] |
In-hospital mortality. n (%) | 3 (7) | 5 (14) | 8 (47) | 16 |