Table 3 Clinical characteristics of acute recreational drug intoxications
Number of cases, N = 503 (%) | |
|---|---|
Cardiovascular | |
Chest pain | 34 (7) |
Palpitations | 41 (8) |
Dyspnea | 25 (5) |
Hypertension (systolic blood pressure ≥180 mmHg) | 14 (3) |
Hypotension (systolic blood pressure ≤90 mmHg) | 18 (4) |
Tachycardia (>100 beats per minute) | 144 (29) |
Myocardial infarction | 3 (<1) |
Arrhythmias | 5 (1) |
Psychiatric | |
Anxiety, nervousness, and/or fear | 121 (24) |
Psychosis | 71 (14) |
Hallucinations | 54 (11) |
Agitation and/or aggression | 179 (36) |
Panic attack | 7 (1) |
Insomnia | 18 (4) |
Suicidal ideation | 14 (3) |
Neurological | |
Loss of consciousness (GCS < 8) on presentation or pre-hospital | 107 (21) |
Impaired consciousness (GCS <15) on presentation or pre-hospital | 291 (58) |
Vertigo and/or dizziness | 39 (8) |
Headache | 24 (5) |
Paraesthesias | 17 (3) |
Seizure | 26 (5) |
Tremor | 22 (4) |
Amnesia | 33 (7) |
Other neurological symptoms | 36 (7) |
Miosis | 87 (17) |
Mydriasis | 74 (15) |
Respiratory depression | 69 (14) |
Intracranial haemorrhage | 2 (<1) |
Miscellaneous | |
Hyperventilation | 22 (4) |
Nausea and/or vomiting | 61 (12) |
Sweating | 19 (4) |
Malaise | 13 (3) |
Abdominal pain | 14 (3) |
Hyperthermia (≥39.0 °C) | 3 (<1) |
Hypothermia (<35.0 °C) | 10 (2) |
Muscle cramps | 20 (4) |
Injuries (e.g., fracture, wound) | 23 (5) |
Acute kidney injury | 2 (<1) |
Elevated creatine kinase (>250 U/L) | 71 (14) |
Weakness, walking impairment | 20 (4) |