Variable | Arrival by ambulance (N = 1007) | Missing data (N) | Did not arrive by ambulance (N = 906) | Missing data (N) | Significance |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Demographics | |||||
Age (years, median, IQR) | 74, 61–84 | 0 | 60, 40–75 | 0 | p < 0.001 |
Age >60 years (N, %, 95 % CI) | 764, 75.9 % (73.1–78.4 %) | 0 | 447, 49.3 % (46.1–52.6 %) | 0 | p < 0.001 |
Gender (male, N, %, 95 % CI) | 464, 46.1 % (43–49.2 %) | 0 | 412, 45.5 % (42.3–48.7 %) | 0 | 0.82 |
Co-morbidities (N, %, 95 % CI) | |||||
Hypertension | 538, 53.6 % (50.5–56.7 %) | 3 (0.3 %) | 337, 37.6 % (34.5–40.8 %) | 10 (1.1 %) | <0.001 |
Dyslipidaemia | 368, 36.8 % (33.8–39.8 %) | 6 (0.6 %) | 208, 23.9 % (20.6–26.2 %) | 13 (1.4 %) | <0.001 |
COPD | 364, 36.4 % (33.5–39.5 %) | 8 (0.8 %) | 167, 18.7 % (16.3–21.4 %) | 13 (1.4 %) | <0.001 |
Ischaemic heart disease | 308, 30.7 % (28–33.7 %) | 5 (0.5 %) | 147, 16.4 % (14.1–19 %) | 11 (1.2 %) | <0.001 |
Heart failure | 262, 26.2 % (23.5–29 %) | 5 (0.5 %) | 126, 14.1 % (12–16.5 %) | 12 (1.3 %) | <0.001 |
Diabetes | 257, 25.7 % (23–28.4 %) | 5 (0.5 %) | 169, 18.9 % (16.5–21.6 %) | 13 (1.4 %) | <0.001 |
Atrial fibrillation | 222, 22.2 % (19.7–24.8 %) | 5 (0.5 %) | 134, 15 % (12.8–17.5 %) | 14 (1.6 %) | <0.001 |
Asthma | 200, 20 % (17.6–22.6 %) | 6 (0.6 %) | 245, 27.5 % (24.7–30.5 %) | 12 (1.3 %) | <0.001 |
Chronic renal disease | 166, 16.6 % (14.4–19.1 %) | 8 (0.8 %) | 94, 10.5 % (8.7–12.7 %) | 12 (1.3 %) | <0.001 |
Active smoker | 151, 15.1 % (13–17.5 %) | 8 (0.8 %) | 147, 16.5 % (14.2–19.1 %) | 14 (1.6 %) | 0.45 |
Active malignancy | 91, 9.1 % (7.5–11.1 %) | 8 (0.8 %) | 72, 8.1 % (6.5–10 %) | 14 (1.6 %) | 0.47 |
Previous pulmonary embolism | 51, 5.1 % (3.9–6.7 %) | 8 (0.8 %) | 32, 3.6 % (2.6–5 %) | 15 (1.7 %) | 0.14 |
Regular/Usual medications (N, %, 95 % CI) | |||||
Inhaled beta-agonists | 403, 40.3 % (37.3–43.3 %) | 6 (0.6 %) | 319, 35.7 % (32.6–38.9 %) | 12 (1.3 %) | 0.05 |
Statins | 403, 40.2 % (37.2–43.3 %) | 4 (0.4 %) | 227, 25.4 % (22.6–28.3 %) | 11 (1.2 %) | <0.001 |
Angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors/ similar | 371, 37 % (34.1–40 %) | 4 (0.4 %) | 255, 28.6 % (25.7–31.6 %) | 13 (1.4 %) | <0.001 |
Diuretic | 347, 34.6 % (31.7–37.6 %) | 4 (0.4 %) | 173, 19.4 % (16.9–22.1 %) | 14 (1.6 %) | <0.001 |
Aspirin | 304, 30.3 % (27.6–33.2 %) | 4 (0.4 %) | 154, 17.2 % (14.9–19.8 %) | 11 (1.2 %) | <0.001 |
Beta-blocker | 279, 27.8 % (25.1–30.7 %) | 4 (0.4 %) | 170, 19 % (16.6–21.7 %) | 12 (1.3 %) | <0.001 |
Calcium channel blocker | 186, 18.6 % (16.3–21.1 %) | 6 (0.6 %) | 113, 12.7 % (10.7–15 %) | 14 (1.6 %) | <0.001 |
Long acting anticoagulant | 171, 17.1 % (14.9–19.6 %) | 7 (0.7 %) | 111, 12.4 % (10.4–14.8 %) | 14 (1.6 %) | 0.006 |
Oral corticosteroid | 129, 12.9 % (11–15.1 %) | 7 (0.8 %) | 65, 7.3 % (5.8–9.2 %) | 15 (1.7 %) | <0.001 |
Nitrate | 111, 11.1 % (9.3–13.2 %) | 8 (0.8 %) | 44, 4.9 % (3.7–6.6 %) | 16 (1.8 %) | <0.001 |
Clopidogrel | 110, 11.0 % (9.2–13.1 %) | 6 (0.6 %) | 58, 6.5 % (5.1–8.3 %) | 14 (1.6 %) | <0.001 |
Insulin | 81, 8.1 % (6.6–9.9 %) | 6 (0.6 %) | 56, 6.3 % (4.9–8.1 %) | 14 (1.6 %) | 0.15 |
Cardiac glycoside | 78, 7.8 % (6.3–9.6 %) | 7 (0.7 %) | 39, 4.4 % (3.2–5.9 %) | 15 (1.5 %) | 0.003 |
Home oxygen | 67, 6.7 % (5.3–8.4 %) | 6 (0.6 %) | 24, 2.7 % (1.8–4 %) | 15 (1.7 %) | <0.001 |
Clinical featuresb | |||||
Duration of symptoms (days, median, IQR) | 2, 1–5 | 36 (3.6 %) | 3, 1–7 | 42 (4.6 %) | <0.001 |
Respiratory rate (mean, SD) | 25 (8) | 18 (1.8 %) | 22 (6) | 35 (3.9 %) | <0.001 |
O2 Saturation on air (mean, SD) | 92.5 (7) | 250a (24.8 %) | 94.9 (6) | 53 (5.9 %) | <0.001 |
O2 saturation <90 % (N, %) | 196, 19.9 % (17.5–22.5 %) | 20 (2 %) | 76, 8.6 % (6.9–10.6 %) | 18 (2 %) | <0.001 |
Systolic BP <100 mmHg (N, %) | 56, 5.9 % (4.6–7.5 %) | 17 (1.7 %) | 40, 4.7 % (3.5–6.3 %) | 51 (5.6 %) | 0.40 |
Systolic BP >180 mmHg (N, %) | 71, 7.2 % (5.7–9 %) | 17 (1.7 %) | 36, 4.2 % (3.1–5.8 %) | 51 (5.6 %) | 0.009 |
Heart rate >100 (N, %) | 390, 39.6 % (36.6–42.7 %) | 22 (2.2 %) | 264, 30 % (27.1–33.1 %) | 27 (3 %) | <0.001 |
GCS (mean, SD) | 15 (1) | 77 (7.7 %) | 15 (0.5) | 115 (12.7 %) | <0.001 |
Admitted to ward (ward, ICU or transfer for admission) | 769, 76.5 % (73.8–79 %) | 2 (0.2 %) | 468, 46.6 % (43.5–49.7 %) | 1 (0.1 %) | <0.001 |
Admitted to ICU | 56, 5.6 % (4.3–7.2 %) | 2 (0.2 %) | 17, 1.9 % (1.2–3 %) | 6 (0.6 %) | <0.001 |
Died in ED | 9, 0.9 % (0.5–1.7 %) | 2 (0.2 %) | 2, 0.2 % (0.06–0.7 %) | 0 | 0.10 |
In-hospital mortality for admitted patients | 50, 6.5 % (5–8.5 %) | 0 | 9, 1.9 % (1–3.6 %) | 0 | <0.001 |
Length of stay for admitted patients | 5, 3–8 | 0 | 5, 3–8 | 0 | 0.66 |