|
Characteristics
|
All TCA
|
Epinephrine group
|
Non-epinephrine group
|
p-value
|
|---|
|
Number of cases
|
514
|
43
|
471
| |
|
Patient characteristics: (n (%); age: median (Q1–Q3))
|
|
Gender-male
|
348 (67.7 %)
|
27 (62.8 %)
|
321 (68.2 %)
|
0.50
|
|
Age, median (Q1–Q3)
|
48.0 (30.0–64.0)
|
46.0 (35.0–75.0)
|
48.0 (30.0–63.0)
|
0.36
|
|
Witnessed
|
194 (37.7 %)
|
8 (18.6 %)
|
186 (39.5 %)
|
<0.01
|
|
Bystander CPR
|
110 (21.4 %)
|
13 (30.2 %)
|
97 (20.6 %)
|
0.17
|
|
Shockable rhythm
|
24 (4.7 %)
|
5 (11.6 %)
|
19 (4.0 %)
|
0.04
|
|
Blunt injury
|
388 (75.5 %)
|
11 (25.6 %)
|
377 (80.0 %)
|
<0.01
|
|
EMS variable: (time: median (Q1–Q3); n (%))
|
|
Response time
|
5.0 (4.0–6.0)
|
5.0 (4.0–7.0)
|
5.0 (4.0–6.0)
|
0.07
|
|
Scene time
|
11.0 (8.0–14.0)
|
14.0 (12.0–17.0)
|
11.0 (8.0–14.0)
|
<0.01
|
|
Transport time
|
3.0 (2.0–5.0)
|
3.0 (2.0–5.0)
|
3.0 (2.0–5.0)
|
0.23
|
|
Total prehospital time
|
20.0 (16.0–25.0)
|
23.0 (20.0–29.0)
|
20.0 (16.0–25.0)
|
<0.01
|
|
Advance airway
|
124 (24.1 %)
|
32 (74.4 %)
|
92 (19.5 %)
|
<0.01
|
|
Destination at trauma center
|
349 (67.9 %)
|
26 (60.5 %)
|
323 (68.6 %)
|
0.31
|
|
Patient outcomes: n (%)
|
|
Prehospital ROSC
|
40 (7.8 %)
|
5 (11.6 %)
|
35 (7.4 %)
|
0.37
|
|
Sustained ROSC
|
101 (19.6 %)
|
18 (41.9 %)
|
83 (17.6 %)
|
<0.01
|
|
Survival to discharge
|
20 (3.9 %)
|
6 (14.0 %)
|
14 (3.0 %)
|
<0.01
|
|
CPC–1 & CPC–2
|
12 (2.3 %)
|
2 (4.7 %)
|
11 (2.3 %)
|
0.30
|
-
TCA traumatic cardiac arrest, EMS emergency medical service, CPR cardiopulmonary resuscitation, ROSC return of spontaneous circulation, CPC cerebral performance category
