Table 1 Interventions defined a priori as potentially life-saving

Airway interventions

• Use of airway adjunct or procedure to maintain patent airway.

• Use of intravenous/intramuscular adrenaline to treat or prevent airway compromise.

Breathing interventions

• Bag-valve-mask ventilation (unless during procedural sedation), intermittent positive pressure ventilation, or non-invasive ventilation.

• Decompression of tension pneumothorax.

• Drainage of significant pleural effusion (>1 litre).

• Insertion of chest drain for pneumothorax in patients with pre-existing lung disease.

• Intravenous therapy except steroids for asthma.

Circulation interventions

• Cardioversion (chemical or DC) of ventricular tachycardia or supraventricular tachycardia or atrial fibrillation with accessory pathway.

• CPR.

• Emergency endoscopy or surgery for upper GI bleed or use of Sengstaken tube or use of vasopressin/terlipressin.

• Infusion of >2 litres of fluid or transfusion for haemodynamic instability.

• Laparotomy for GI bleed/gynaecological bleed (including ectopic)/AAA.

• Sepsis care bundle.

• Thrombolysis for AMI or PE, or percutaneous revascularisation.

• Therapeutic (not diagnostic) pericardiocentesis.

• Transcutaneous or external pacing or administration of atropine (except in theatre).

• Vasopressor use (except bolus dosing in theatre).

Disability interventions

• Administration of naloxone or flumazenil (unless related to procedural sedation).

• Administration of 10 %/50 % dextrose.

• Administration of >1 dose benzodiazepines/other anticonvulsants for fitting.

• Neurosurgical intervention.

Other interventions

• Active rewarming (not including Bearhugger).

• Laparotomy for sepsis/infarction/obstruction.

• New initiation of renal replacement therapy.

• Specific poisons antidotes including N-acetylcysteine.