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Table 2 Characteristics of study group: trauma severity, CT scan findings, expected outcomes

From: Factors that may improve outcomes of early traumatic brain injury care: prospective multicenter study in Austria

 

Phase 1

Phase 2

Total

p-value*

 

median

IQR

median

IQR

median

IQR

 

GCS score

6

(3–6)

7

(3–11)

6

(3–11)

<0.05

ISS

25

(16–25)

29

(19–43)

26

(17–41)

<0.01

 

n

%

n

%

n

%

 

Field hypotensiona

32

10

30

11

62

10

0.887

Field hypoxia

63

21

56

21

119

21

0.988

Pupils

n

%

n

%

n

%

<0.001

Both reactive

334

82

206

63

540

74

One reactive

10

2

31

10

41

6

None reactive

53

13

49

15

102

14

Not assessable/Unknown

11

3

39

12

50

7

Total

408

100

325

100

733

100

CT scan: basal cisterns

n

%

n

%

n

%

<0.001

Open

315

77

204

63

519

71

Compressed

57

14

56

17

113

15

closed

27

7

41

13

68

9

Unknown

9

2

24

7

33

5

Total

408

100

325

100

733

100

CT scan: midline shift

n

%

n

%

n

%

<0.001

No shift

286

70

203

62

489

67

<5 mm

45

11

25

8

70

10

>5 mm

40

10

75

23

115

16

Unknown

37

9

22

7

59

8

Total

408

100

325

100

733

100

CT scan: brain lesions

n

%

n

%

n

%

 

Subarachnoid hemorrhage

226

55

190

58

416

57

0.825

Subdural hematoma

213

52

166

51

379

52

0.869

Contusions

140

34

135

42

275

38

0.228

Intracerebral hematoma

78

19

68

21

146

20

0.701

Epidural hematoma

60

15

62

19

122

17

0.231

Intraventricular hemorrhage

35

9

33

10

68

9

0.6

Hemorrhage in basal cisterns

28

7

24

7

52

7

0.928

Predominant injury

n

%

n

%

n

%

 

Normal CT

36

9

21

6

57

8

0.572

Contusions

38

9

39

12

77

11

Diffuse edema

47

12

47

14

94

13

Subarachnoid hemorrhage

68

17

43

13

111

15

Epidural hematoma

37

9

29

9

66

9

Subdural hematoma

129

32

105

32

234

32

Intracerebral hematoma

39

10

26

8

65

9

Intraventricular hemorrhage

8

2

7

2

15

2

Unknown

6

1

8

2

14

2

Total

408

100

325

100

733

100

Expected outcomes

mean (%)

SD

mean (%)

SD

mean (%)

SD

 

Probability of deathb

33

20

34

21

33

20

0.8517

Probability of unfavorable outcomea

55

22

55

24

55

23

0.8517

  1. Legend: GCS Glasgow Coma Scale, ISS Injury Severity Score [33], IQR Interquartile range, CT Computed Tomography
  2. *The tests were applied only on known values
  3. aPrehospital (field) hypoxia was defined as oxygen saturation <90 % (measured by a pulse oximeter) until hospital admission. Prehospital (field) hypotension was defined as systolic blood pressure <90 mmHg until hospital admission
  4. bProbability of death/unfavorable outcome was calculated using IMPACT Core model [18] on the whole study group with known data (age, GCS motor score, pupils)