Mean (95% confidence interval) | Police officers n = 76 | Fire-fighters n = 73 | Ambulance personnel n = 89 | p value |
---|---|---|---|---|
1) Feeling of numbness | 1.5 (1.3-1.6) | 1.6 (1.4-1.8) | 1.9 (1.7-2.1) | < .05* |
2) Not being aware of the surroundings | 1.3 (1.2-1.4) | 1.4 (1.2-1.6) | 1.6 (1.4-1.8) | < .05* |
3) Sense of unreality | 2.2 (1.9-2.4) | 2.9 (2.6-3.2) | 2.7 (2.5-3.0) | < .01* |
4) Feeling of not being “yourself” | 1.3 (1.1-1.5) | 1.3 (1.2-1.5) | 1.5 (1.3-1.7) | ns |
5) Did not remember what happened or parts of the event | 1.6 (1.3-1.9) | 1.3 (1.2-1.5) | 1.5 (1.3-1.7) | ns |
6) Sharpened attention | 3.8 (3.5-4.0) | 3.4 (3.1-3.6) | 3.7 (3.4-3.9) | < .05* |
7) Reduced need for sleep/rest | 3.3 (3.0-3.6) | 2.1 (1.8-2.4) | 2.7 (2.4-3.0) | < .001** |
8) Positive activation (more energy/intense sense of coping) | 3.2 (2.9-3.4) | 2.6 (2.4-2.9) | 2.9 (2.7-3.2) | < .05* |
9) Overwhelmed/helpless | 2.6 (2.3-2.8) | 2.6 (2.4-2.8) | 2.9 (2.7-3.2) | ns |
10) Lack of control | 2.5 (2.2-2.8) | 2.2 (2.0-2.5) | 2.7 (2.4-2.9) | < .05* |