Performance of IMPACT, CRASH and Nijmegen models in predicting six month outcome of patients with severe or moderate TBI: an external validation study

Table 3 Predictors effects on outcomes in the prognostic models and in the refitted models on INRO-PH validation dataset (Odds Ratios)

Variable	Measure or Category	IMPACT Core (mortality)		IMPACT Core (unfavourable)		IMPACT Extended (mortality)		IMPACT Extended (unfavourable)		Crash basic (mortality)		Crash basic (unfavourable)		Nijmegen DCM (mortality)		Nijmegen DCM (unfavourable)
Variable	Measure or Category	M	R	M	R	M	R	M	R	M	R	M	R	M	R	M	R
Age, years > 16	OR per year	1.04	1.05	1.04	1.04	1.03	1.04	1.03	1.04	-	-	-	-	1.06	1.06	1.05	1.04
Age, years >40	OR per year	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	1.07	1.07	1.08	1.07	-	-	-	-
GCS	OR per point increase	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	0.8	0.8	0.8	0.8	0.9	0.9	0.9	0.9
Motor GCS	None (1)	4.3	3.9	4.0	3.4	3.3	2.1	3.4	2.5	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
	Extension (2)	4.0	4.7	8.0	2.7	3.3	2.7	6.4	2.3	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
	Abnormal flexion (3)	2.2	2.2	3.5	2.1	2.1	1.7	3.3	1.5	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
	Normal flexion (4)	1.5	1.7	1.9	1.4	1.4	1.6	1.8	1.2	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
	Localizes/obeys (5/6)	Ref	Ref	Ref	Ref	Ref	Ref	Ref	Ref	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
	Untestable / missing (9)	1.7	3.9	2.4	3.3	1.5	1.9	2.3	1.6	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
Pupillary reactivity	Both pupils reactive	Ref	Ref	Ref	Ref	Ref	Ref	Ref	Ref	Ref	Ref	Ref	Ref	Ref	Ref	Ref	Ref
	One pupil reactive	1.7	1.3	1.8	1.5	1.4	1.6	1.6	1.6	3.1	1.2	2.6	1.1	1.9	1.14	1.8	1.2
	No pupil reactive	3.4	15.5	3.4	8.9	2.6	10.2	2.7	5.2	5.3	12.2	3.3	7.7	13.2	15.3	10.9	9.3
Major extra-cranial injury	Yes	-		-	-	-	-	-	-	1.4	1.1	1.6	1.1	-	-	-	-
Hypoxia	Yes or suspected	-		-	-	1.3	2.1	1.4	2.2	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
Hypotension	Yes or suspected	-		-	-	2.0	2.4	1.9	2.1	-	-	-	-	2.2	1.5	3.1	2.0
CT classification	Diffuse injury (I)	-		-	-	0.7	0.6	1.7	0.5	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
	Diffuse injury (II)	-		-	-	Ref	Ref	Ref	Ref	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
	Diffuse injury (III/IV)	-		-	-	2.2	5.3	1.7	2.7	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
	Mass lesion evacuated or non-evacuated (V/VI)	-		-	-	1.9	6.4	1.6	6.5	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
tSAH	Yes	-		-	-	1.8	1.4	1.8	1.3	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
EDH	Yes	-		-	-	0.7	0.7	0.6	0.6	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-

M = model; R = refitted; GCS = Glasgow Coma Scale; tSAH = Traumatic Subarachnoid Haemorrhage; EDH = Epidural Hematoma; Ref = reference category; OR = odds ratio.

ISSN: 1757-7241