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Table 3 Patients classified by BD (classes I to IV): traditional vital signs as presented at ED admission and at scene

From: The impact of severe traumatic brain injury on a novel base deficit- based classification of hypovolemic shock

 

Class I

Class II

Class III

Class IV

BD ≤ 2.0 (none to minimal)

BD >2.0 to 6.0 (mild)

BD > 6.0 to 10.0 (moderate)

BD > 10.0 (severe)

Vital signs

    

SBP at ED (mmHg; mean ± SD)

132.3 (28.6)

124.3 (30)

113.2 (32.4)

95.7 (40.9)

HR at ED (beats/min; mean ± SD)

84.3 (18.4)

88.7 (21.6)

95.3 (23.4)

96.5 (32.9)

GCS at ED (points; median, IQR)

3 (3–14)

3 (3–8)

3 (3–3)

3 (3–3)

Intubation rate [pre-hospital] (n; %)

2306 (54.5)

2563 (71.9)

1116 (81.4)

674 (89.2)

  1. (n = 10,201; p < 0.001 for all parameters).
  2. Abbreviations: SBP systolic blood pressure, HR heart rate, GCS Glasgow coma scale, ED Emergency Department.