Table 1 International Liaison Committee on Resuscitation (ILCOR) 2010 Levels of Evidence for Studies of Therapeutic Interventions

LOE 1:

Randomized Controlled Trials (or meta-analyses of RCTs)

LOE 2:

Studies using concurrent controls without true randomization (e.g. “pseudo”-randomized)

LOE 3:

Studies using retrospective controls

LOE 4:

Studies without a control group (e.g. case series)

LOE 5:

Studies not directly related to the specific patient/population (e.g. Different patient/population, animal models, mechanical models etc.)